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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the equation for magnification? |
Length of image ÷ length of specimen |
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What is the equation for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose+oxygen -----> carbon dioxide+water (+energy) |
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What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? |
Glucose ----> lactic acid (+energy) |
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What is the equation for photosynthesis? |
Carbon dioxide +water ----> (sunlight/chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen |
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What are based pairs in DNA joined together by? |
Weak hydrogen bonds |
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What 4 people helped with the discovery of DNA? |
Franklin and Wilkins worked out the structure while Watson and Crick made a model of DNA |
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What is a gene? |
A sequence of bases in DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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What is the process of Transcription to Translation in protein synthesis? |
The mRNA moves off the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome |
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What is translation in protein synthesis? |
When the amino acids stick together in a chain to make a polypeptide |
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What is a catalyst? |
A substance that increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in a reaction |
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What is mitosis? |
It makes new cells for growth and repair and makes 2 diploid cells that are genetically similar and it is asexual reproduction |
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What are the enzymes roles in DNA replication? |
They help copy a cells DNA before it divides by mitosis or meiosis |
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What is an enzymes role in protein synthesis? |
Enzymes hold amino acids in place and form bonds between them |
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What roles do enzymes play in digestion? |
Various enzymes are secreted in the gut to digest different food molecules |
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What is term is used to describe a shape of an enzyme? |
The lock and key. This is because the substrate fits into the active site |
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Why do enzymes not like hot temperature? |
If it's too hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together breaks this makes the enzymes lose its shape . The active site no longer fits the shape of the substrate so it can't catalyse the reaction. The enzyme is denatured |
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What is the optimum temperature for most Enzymes? |
37°c |
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What is another factor that effects the enzyme? |
pH. If it is too high or too low then it changes the shape of the enzyme. An enzymes optimum pH is 7 |
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What is good about the human genome project? |
Predict and prevent diseases, develop new and better medicines, accurate diagnoses and improve forensic science |
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What are the negatives of the human genome project? |
Increased stress , gene ism and discrimination by employers and insurers |
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What is genetic engineering? |
Moving useful genes from one organisms chromosomes into the cells of another by using enzymes to cut and paste the genes |
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How can genetic engineering benefit Humans? |
Reducing vitamin A deficiency - Golden rice produces beta carotene which is what the body needs to make vitamin A. Producing human insulin - the gene can be inserted into Bacteria to produce the insulin. It can be produced quickly and cheaply to treat diabetes. Increasing crop yield - Gm crops are modified to be resistant to herbicides |
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What are the problems with genetic engineering? |
Reduction of farmland biodiversity, Gm crops may not be safe and a new superseded could be created |
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What is meiosis? |
When a cell divides to produce 4 ha plaid nuclei whose chromosomes are not identical |
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What is the name of the process when stem cells become specialised and what can they do? |
It's called differentiation and embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell |
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What is respiration? |
The process of breaking down glucose to release energy, which goes on in every living cell |
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What is diffusion? |
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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What happens when cells respire? |
They use up oxygen and glucose so the concentration inside the cells are low but the concentration of the substances in the blood is higher as the diffuse from capillaries into cells |
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What happens when cells respire? |
They produce lots of carbon dioxide |
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What do muscles need from respiration? |
They need energy from respiration to contract. This comes from increased respiration |
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What is the equation for cardiac output? |
CARDIAC OUTPUT = HEART RATE X STROKE VOLUME |
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What happens to oxygen when anaerobic respiration starts and what is the name for the amount of oxygen Required? |
When you stop exercising you will have oxygen debt. The amount of oxygen Required is the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) |
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Where does photosynthesis happen? |
It happens in the chloroplasts. They contain chlorophyll that absorbs the energy in sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose |
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What are the stomata and what do they do? |
They are little holes in the leaves that open and close to let gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out. They also alow water vapour to escape which is known as TRANSPIRATION |
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What affects the rate of photosynthesis? |
Light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature |
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What is osmosis? |
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration |
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What do root hairs in plants do? |
Take in water by osmosis |
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What do root hairs take in? |
Minerals using active transport |
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What is active transport? |
It uses energy from respiration to help the plant pull minerals into the root hairs against the concentration gradient |
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What does the xylem do? |
Transport water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant |
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What does the phloem do? |
Transports sugars from the leaves to growing and storage tissues |
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How is the pentadactyl limb evidence for evolution? |
It is seen in a number different organisms |
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What is osmosis? |
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration |
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What practical can be done to test for osmosis? |
The potato cylinders in pure water and concentrated sugar solution |
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What do roof hairs do? |
They take in water by osmosis and have a big surface area for absorbing water from the soil |
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How do root hairs take in minerals? |
Using active transport |
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What is active transport? |
It uses energy from respiration to help pull minerals into the root hair against the concentration gradient |
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What does the xylem tubes do? |
Transport water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant |
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What do the phloem tubes do? |
Transport sugars from the leaves to growing and storage tissues |
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What is transpiration? |
The loss of water from the plant caused by evaporation and diffusion |
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What are the 4 ways to study distribution of organisms? |
Poster (ground insects), pitfall traps (ground insects), sweep nets (animals from long grass) and pond nets (animals from ponds) |
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When studying the distribution of organisms with quadrants, how do you work out the mean? |
MEAN = TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS ÷ NUMBER OF QUADRATS |
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How do you work out the population size when using the quadrat? |
POPULATION SIZE = MEAN X TOTAL AREA |
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How to measure environmental factors for the distribution of organisms? |
Thermometer for temperature, light sensor for light intensity and indicator liquid for soil pH |
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What is gradual replacement for the evidence for evolution? |
Gradual replacement by minerals -things like shells ect ... last for ages when buried and eventually get replaced my minerals to form a rock like substance. The fossil stays distinct an is eventually dug up |
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How are fossils formed? |
Casts and impressions, gradual replacement and preservation where no decay happens as the conditions aren't suitable for the microbes to work |
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Why is the fossil record incomplete? |
Very few dead organisms turned into fossils, soft tissue decays completely and fossils are yet to be discovered |
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What provides evidence for evolution? |
The pentadactyl limb due to the similar bone structure |
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What are the processes that help organisms to grow and develop? |
Cell differentiation - the process when a cell changes to become specialised for its job Cell division - by mitosis Cell elongation - when a plant expands making it bigger so making it grow |
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What is the job of red blood cells? |
To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body and have a large surface area for absorbing oxygen |
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What do the arteries do? |
Carry blood away from the heart |
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What do capillaries do? |
They are involved in the exchange of materials with the tissues |
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What do veins do? |
Carry blood to the heart |
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What is produced in the liver? |
Bile is stored in the liver and it neutralises the stomach acid |
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Where is bile stored? |
In the gall bladder before its released into the small intestine |
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What enzymes does the small intestine produce for digestion? |
Protease, amylase and lipase enzymes |
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What is a good model for the gut? |
Visking tubing - it only let's small molecules through not big molecules |
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What is peristalsis? And what muscles does it involve? |
It involves longitudinal and circular muscles . The job is to squeeze food along . Circular muscles push food along the gut and longitudinal keep the food in a ball |
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What are villi? |
Villi are in the small intestine and help to absorb digested food quickly into the blood |
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Why are the villi good? |
Big surface area - food is digested and absorbed quicker, single layer of surface cells so digested food diffuses quickly over a short distance, good blood supply via capillary for quick absorption |
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What are probiotics? And what do they do? |
They are live bacteria known as 'good bacteria' similar to those naturally found in the gut. It's thought they keep the digestive system healthy |
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What are prebiotics? And what do they do? |
They promote the growth of good bacteria. They are carbohydrates that we can't digest |
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What are plant Stanol esters? |
Chemicals that can lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease |
