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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are liver muscle and epithelial cells adapted to their function (in terms of mitochondria)? |
Many mitochondria Densley packed cristae so greater surface area for the attachment of coenzymes and greater number of electron carriers |
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Describe the electron transport chain |
Reduced NAD and FAD are oxidised and donate electrons to electron carriers attached to the cristae electrons transferred along ETC and lose energy, energy released used to make ATP Protons actively transported into inter-membranal space and diffuse back in Oxygen is final electron acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions (without which electrons would accumulate) |
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Why is the term oxidative phosphorylation used to describe the production of ATP in the ETC? |
Movement of electrons is due to oxidation Energy released due to movement of electrons is used to combine ADP and Pi to form ATP |
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What is contained within the matrix of mitochondria? |
Protein lipids and DNA |
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How is cyanide a poison? |
Non-competitive inhibitor of final enzyme |
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Why is the conversion of pyruvate into lactate important to produce ATP in anaerobic resp? |
Oxidises reduced NAD back into NAD. Allows glycolysis to continue |
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Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in animals |
Occurs during shortage of oxygen pyruvate + reduced NAD --- lactate and NAD Lactate later oxidised into pyruvate or converted into glycogen |
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Why can anaerobic only occur for a short period of time? |
Accumulates, and causes cramp and fatigue |
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What are the 3 main features of anaerobic? |
Produces less ATp Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs faster |
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How can we measure the rate of respiration? |
Respirometer Sodium hydroxide absorbs CO2 Volume of air decreases so fluid moves along tube |
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Explain why glycolysis is said to involve oxidation |
Removal of hydrogen (and electrons) |
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Describe how oxidation takes place in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle |
removal f=of hydrogen by enzymes/dehydrogenases NAD --> reduced NAD in glycolysis In Krebs, FAD --> FADH2 aswell |
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Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae |
Greater surface area More ennzymes for ATP production (allows for more electron carriers and coenzymes) More respiration/more ATP production BECAUSE muscle cells use more ATP |
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Describe what happens in the link reaction? |
CO2 formed/decarboxylation occurs AcetylcoA formed Reduced NAD formed/hydrogen released
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Describe the roles of the coenezymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP |
Reduced NAD/FAD transfer electrons to carrier proteins through a series of redox reactions electrons lose energy as passed along Energy used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi Using ATPase H+ passed into intermembrane space Protons flow back through stalked particles |
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Give 2 diff chemcial processes involved in the Krebs cycle |
Oxidation/Dehydrogenation Phosphorylation Decarboxylation |
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Explain why goldfish use carbohydrate much quicker under ice |
More anaerobic respiration less glucose per ATP/less efficient |
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What is the main difference between the way in which ATP is produced in the ETC as opposed to in the LDR |
Energy comes from chemical not light |
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Explain why converting pyruvate into ethanol is important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic resp |
Regenerates oxidised NAD Oxidise more glucose/produce more pyruvate |
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Explain the advantage of collecting a large number of results |
Greater reliability OF MEAN (and more representative for samples) Statistical tests
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How would the volume of gas collected from aerobically respiring yeast be different of that from anaerobically respiring yeast? |
It would be lower As 6 moles of O2 taken in for every 6 mole of CO2 given out In anaerobic no O2 taken in but CO2 produced |
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Explain why the oxygen conc decreased after adding ADP to a sample of mitochondria |
Oxygen needed for formation of ATP Oxygen final electron acceptor as reacts with protons and electrons to form water |
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Explain why a mitochondria does not use oxygen if it is provided with glucose |
NO GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES no pyruvate cant metabolise glucose/too large to enter |
