Biology: Reproduction

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Asexual Reproduction

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tyoe of reproduction involving one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

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Sexual Reproduction

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two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents

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Gametes

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haploid cells (egg or sperm) that unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid cell

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Zygote

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the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg

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Pheromones

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chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior

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Gonads

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the male and female sex organs; the gamete producing organs

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Testosterone

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male hormone

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Seminiferous tubules

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A highly coiled tube in the testis in which sperm is produced

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Leydig cells

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A cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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Testes

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male reproductive organs, or gonads, in which sperm and reproductive hormones are produced

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Scrotum

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pouch of skin that houses the testes; functions in cooling the sperm keeping them viable

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Epididymis

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coiled tubule located adjacent to the testes where sperm is stored

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Vas deferens

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the tube in which sperm travels from the epididymis to the urethra

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Urethra

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where urine exits the body near the vagina and in the penis; in males, used as an exit for semen

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Seminal Vesicles

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a gland in males that secretes fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm

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Prostate Gland

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gland in males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen

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Bulbourethral glands

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pair of glands near the base of the penis that secrets fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acids in the urethra during arousal

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Ovaries

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Female gonads where where female gametes are produced and reproductive hormones

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Follicles

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microscopic structures in the ovary that contains the developing ovum and secretes estrogens

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Ovulation

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release of an eggg from ovaries. Ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine (mentrual) cycle

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Copus luteum

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a secreting tissue in the ovary that forms the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progestrone

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Fallopian Tube/Oviduct

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tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertabrates and to uterus in vertebrates.

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Uterus

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female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs

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Endometrium

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inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood cells

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Cervix

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neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina

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Hymen

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thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening; ruptuured by sexual intercourse or other vigorous activity

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Spermatogenesis

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the continous and prolific production of sperm cells in the testis

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Spermatagonia

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stem cells that give rise to sperm

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Spermatozoa

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mature sperm cell

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Secondary oocyte

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Haploid cell resulting from Meiosis I in oogenesis which will become ovum in Meiosis II

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Acrosome

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a vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps penetrate the egg

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Oogenesis

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process of the ovary that results in the production of female gametes

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Oogonia

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ovary specific stem cells

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Primary oocyte

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a diploid cell, in prophase I of meiosis, that can be hormonally triggered to develop into an ovum

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Mentstruation

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shedding of portions of the endometrium during a uterine (menstrual cycle)

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GnRH

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responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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FSH

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stimulates production of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes

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LH

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triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

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Estrogen

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any hormone that stimulates the development of and maintenance of the female reproductive system

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Progesterone

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prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy

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Gestation

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the period during which an embryo develops

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Zona Pellucida

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thick membrane around the mammalian ovum; can be penetrated by one sperm in the fertilization process

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Blastocyst

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embryonic stage in mammals; a hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization in humans

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Placenta

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structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mothers blood supply. Formed from the uterine lining

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HCG

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•A protein hormone usually secreted by the chorionic villi of the placenta. Its presence in the maternal blood or urine indicates pregnancy

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Amniotic fluid

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A fluid in the embryonic sac which protects the developing fetus

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Oxytocin

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hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Induces contractions of uterine glands and causes mammary glands to eject milk during nursing

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Lactation

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continued production of milk

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In-vitro fertilization

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artificial plantation of embryo
Example: AMANDA