Biology Reproduction

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Chromatin

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The genetic material of the cell, made of DNA and histone proteins

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What holds together the sister chromatids during cell division

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A centromere

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The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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Cell cycle: Interphase

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During G1 cells grow, organelles replicate, the cell carries out normal functions. During synthesis the cell replicates DNA, during G2 The cell goes through final preparation before cell division

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Mitosis: prophase

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Centrosomes Migrate to opposite poles of the cell and organize microtubules into the spindle, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes

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Mitosis: prometaphase

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Nuclear membrane breaks up, the nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers attached to sister chromatid pairs

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Kinetochore

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Where the spindle fibers attached to sister chromatid pairs during prometaphase

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Mitosis: metaphase

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Spindle fibers move sister chromatid pairs to the metaphase plate where the spindle fibers lineup

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Anaphase

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Spindle fibers shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart, individual chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

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Mitosis: Telophase

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Spindle breaks down, nuclear membrane reforms and nucleolus reappears, chromosomes uncoil

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Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis

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When the two cells are splitting apart, division of the cytoplasm, microfilaments cause cleavage Furrough and animal cells, so plate causes division in plant cells

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Steps of mitosis

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Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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Steps of the cell cycle

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Interphase, M phase or mitosis, Cytokinesis

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Nerve cells, muscle cells

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Nerve cells, muscle cells

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G1 checkpoint

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Checks for size, growth factors stimulate growth for this checkpoint

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Checks for DNA replication, has all DNA replicated successfully

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Checks for DNA replication, has all DNA replicated successfully

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G2 checkpoint

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Is there enough MPF or maturation promoting factor

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What makes MPF Or maturation promoting factor

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Cyclin independent kinase plus cyclin. Cyclin Builds up during interphase and then binds to CDK to make MPF

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What does MPF do you

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Triggers events necessary for successful cell division like successful DNA replication, condensation of chromatin, formation of spindle, breakdown of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus, degradation of the cyclin

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Are all sister chromatid pairs attached to spindle fiber, if so APC or Anaphase promoting complex is produced

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Are all sister chromatid pairs attached to spindle fiber, if so APC or Anaphase promoting complex is produced

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Density dependent inhibition

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Cells continue to divide until they come in contact with each other and then they stop

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Anchorage dependence

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Normal cells must be attached to a substrate in order to divide

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Nonmoving segments of DNA found at the tips of chromosomes

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Nonmoving segments of DNA found at the tips of chromosomes

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Telomere shortening

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Every time the cell divides the telomeres wear away until they get too short then cell division stops and the cell dies

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Binary fission

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Occurs in prokaryotic cells, there is no nucleus so no my ptosis consists of S face and cytokinesis

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Somatic cell

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Body cell, every cell in your body except your eggs and sperm

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When a single individual passes all of its jeans to its offspring without the fusion of gametes creating a genetically identical offspring, good when mates are scarce and environment is stable

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When a single individual passes all of its jeans to its offspring without the fusion of gametes creating a genetically identical offspring, good when mates are scarce and environment is stable

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Meiosis one: prophase one

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Chromatin condenses, spindles form, nuclear membrane and nucleolus fragment, Homologous Chromosome pairs form tetrads through synapsis, nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material during cross over at the Chiasma

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Metaphase

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Tetrads lineup at the equator

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Anaphase

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Tetrad split in sister chromatid pairs move to opposite poles

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Meiosis one: Telophase 1

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Spindle breaks down, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform, chromosomes uncoil, cytokinesis – forms two haploid daughter cells

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Meiosis two

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Everything is the same except there is no replication during interphase two. Also working with sister chromatid pairs instead of tetrads, creates for non-identical haploid cells during telophase two

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Independent assortment

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Homologous chromosome pairs lineup randomly in metaphase one, number of possible combinations equals 2^number of dif chromosomes

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Crossing over

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Produces recombinant chromosomes which combined DNA inherited from each parent happens during prophase one

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Segment of DNA that codes for a product often a protein

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Segment of DNA that codes for a product often a protein

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Allele

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Different forms of a gene

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Principle of segregation

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During the formation of gametes during meiosis Allele pairs are separated from one another

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Complete dominance

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Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

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phenotype F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

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phenotype F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

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Codominance

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The dominant allele affects the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways both expressed

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Multiple allele inheritance

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When there are more than to alleles for a trait

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Pleiotropy

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Genes that have multiple phenotypic affects

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Epistasis

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One pair of genes affects the expression of a second pair

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Sex linked traits

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Genes or traits located on the sex chromosomes, usually the X chromosome, happen more often in males

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X inactivation

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One of the two X chromosomes in each female cell is randomly activated during embryonic development, the in active X condenses into a barr body

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Recombinant frequency

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Add recombinants (two lowest numbers)/Total offspring

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Nondisjunction

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When homologous chromosomes don’t separate the way they were supposed to, leading to a change in chromosome number happens during meiosis one and two

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Aneuploidy

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Result of nondisjunction, Down syndrome, trisomy 21

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Polyploidy

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All chromosomes are inherited, happens mostly in plants

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Genomic imprinting

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For a few million treats, the phenotype depends on which parent passed a long alleles of those traits

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Extranuclear genes or cytoplasmic genes

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Found in organelles in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other plant plastids Carrie circular DNA molecules, inherited maternally