Biology Quiz 2 Mitosis & Meiosis

Front 1

Division of Cell during mitosis or meiosis

Back 1

Nuclear Division

Front 2

Division of Cell following nuclear division

Back 2

Cytokinesis

Front 3

All cells of the body except sperm and egg cell (liver, skin, brain, etc.)

Back 3

Somatic Cells

Front 4

Somatic cells reproduce by

Back 4

Mitosis

Front 5

Parent cells divide and create:

Back 5

Daughter Cells

Front 6

Special type of somatic cells that divide by meiosis:

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Germ Cells

Front 7

Germ cells include:

Back 7

Sperm and Egg

Front 8

Zygote divides by:

Back 8

Mitosis

Front 9

Growth repair and maintenance occurs during

Back 9

Mitosis

Front 10

Sperm and unfertilized egg unite to form a:

Back 10

zygote

Front 11

Zygote divides by mitosis into a developing:

Back 11

Embryo

Front 12

The phase of growth that lasts for about 2 months is known as:

Back 12

Embryogenesis

Front 13

After the first 2 months of of pregnancy the embryo is called:

Back 13

a fetus

Front 14

_______ consists of a DNA double-helix that is wrapped around proteins:

Back 14

Chromosomes

Front 15

Chromosomes are found within the:

Back 15

Nucleus

Front 16

double stranded molecule (40% of total mass) where strands are h-bonded together by complemntary base paring (A-T G-C)

Back 16

DNA Core

Front 17

DNA is wrapped around proteins called:

Back 17

Histone Proteins

Front 18

Constricted region along the length of the chromosome - consists of special sequence of DNA nucleotides that bind to kinetochore proteins during mitosis and meiosis

Back 18

Centromere

Front 19

dislike structures made of proteins that form on the centromeres during prophase just prior to cell divison;

some proteins are motor proteins that help to move chromosomes during cell division;

also serve as an attachment point for mitortubles of the spindle apparatus that attaches to and separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

Back 19

Kinetochores

Front 20

DNA molecules wrap around clusters of histone proteins to form bead like structures called:

Back 20

Nucleosomes

Front 21

Unreplicated chromosome consists of:

Back 21

one chromatid

Front 22

the complex of DNA and protein taht makes up a chromosome:

Back 22

Chromatin

Front 23

Chromosomes make a copy of them selves when:

Back 23

During S-Phase, prior to mitosis (and meiosis)

Front 24

When a chromosome replicates it makes a copy of:

Back 24

its DNA and makes more histone proteins

Front 25

Replicated chromosomes consist of:

Back 25

a pair of sister chromatids

Front 26

2 identical copies of a single chromosomes that are held together at the centromere:

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Sister Chromatides;
Together they make up a duplicated chromosome

Front 27

2 separate centromerers of chromatids are fused together by:

Back 27

cohesion proteins

Front 28

Proteins bind to opposite sides of the centromere to form:

Back 28

kinetochores

Front 29

Chromosomes come in

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Pairs numbered from 1-23

Front 30

One member of each pair

Back 30

Haploid
(1N=23)

Front 31

Both members of each pair are:

Back 31

Diploids
(2N=46)

Front 32

All of the DNA associated with each chromosome

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Genome

Front 33

Chromosome pairs from 1-22 are called:

Back 33

Autosomal Chromosomes

Front 34

23rd pair is called

Back 34

Sex Chromosome

Front 35

Male chromosome is represented by:

Back 35

XY

Front 36

Female chromosome is represented by:

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XX

Front 37

Cells that are stained, arranged in an ordered set of chromosomes and photographed are called:

Back 37

Karyotype

Front 38

Cells that are prepared for a karyotype are "locked" in metaphase of mitosis by:

Back 38

clochicine treatment

Front 39

Four Stages of Cell Cycle

Back 39

1. M (Mitosis)
2. G1 (Growth Phase 1)
3. S (Synthesis of DNA)
4. G2 (Growth Phase 2)

Front 40

Mitosis

Back 40

2N nucleus divides by mitosis into 2 2N daughter nuclei

Front 41

G1 (Growth Phase 1)

Back 41

Growth occurs as organelles double in number in preparation for mitosis.

Front 42

S (synthesis of DNA)

Back 42

DNA replication and chromosomal replication

Each chromosome exists as a pair of sister chromatids (replicated c'somes) that are attached by shared centromeres)

Front 43

G2 (Growth phase 2)

Back 43

~Replicated chromosomes (2N=46) (92 chromatids)

~Chromosomes exist as chromatin unril the end of G2

~Centosomes outside of nucleus divide

Front 44

Division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

Back 44

Cytokinesis

Front 45

Before mitosis

Back 45

Interphase of Cell Cycle
S - c'somes replicate
G2-centrosomes duplicate

Front 46

4 Steps of Mitosis

Back 46

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Front 47

Prophase (4)

Back 47

1. Chromosomes supercoil
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles
3. Nuclear envelope fragments
4. Spindle fibers come out of centrosome and attach to both sides of each centromere

2N = 4 (replicated c'somes)
4 pairs of sister chromatids
8 chromatids

Front 48

Metaphase (2)

Back 48

1. Replicated chromosomes line up on metaphase plate (imaginary)
2. Mitotic spindle fibers fully form and are symmetrically attached to centromere's (kinetochore)

2N = 4 (replicated c'somes)
4 pairs of sister chromatids
8 chromatids

Front 49

Anaphase (3)

Back 49

1. Centromeres split as each sister c chromatid becomes an unreplicated chromosome
2. Chromosome count doubles.
3. The 2N sets of chromosomes are pulled apart by the shortening of spindle fibers towards opposite poles

2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes)
2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes)
8 chromosomes

Front 50

Telephase (4)

Back 50

1. The two 2N sets of chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell
2. Nuclear envelope surrounds each 2N set
3. Mitosis is over
4. Cytokinesis occurs during telephase to produce 2N daughter cells.

2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes)
2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes)
8 chromosomes

Front 51

ATP-dependent process by which the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved into 2 to produce 2 daughter cells

Back 51

Cytokinesis

Front 52

Name of gap in splitting daughter cells

Back 52

Cleavage Furrow

Front 53

Division of the nucleus in which the chromosome number is reduced by half

Back 53

Meiosis

Front 54

Meiosis leads to the formation of:

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Haploid Gamates (Sex cells: sperm and egg)

Front 55

Sperm and egg are produced in:

Back 55

Gonads

Front 56

2 Types of Gonads

Back 56

Testis (Male)
Ovaries (Female)

Front 57

Meiosis of a germ cell that happens in the testes

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Spermatogenesis

Front 58

meiosis of a germ cell that occurs in the ovary

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Oogenesis

Front 59

chromosomes present in human sperm are called

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Paternal Chromosomes

Front 60

chromosomes present in human egg cell are called

Back 60

Maternal Chromosomes

Front 61

2N = 46 or 23 pairs

Back 61

Diploid

Front 62

1N = 23, where 1 of each chromosome pair is present

Back 62

Haploid

Front 63

Chromosome pairs from 1 to 22

Back 63

Autosomes

Front 64

23rd pair of chromosome

Back 64

Sex chromosomes

Front 65

one member of a chromosomal pair:

Back 65

Homolog

Front 66

Display of paired sets of condensed chromosomes sorted by decreasing length, shape, and centromere location

Back 66

Karyotype

Front 67

Chromosomal replication in germ cells occurs during

Back 67

S-phase of Interphase

Front 68

Germ cells are 2N=46 if replicated they represent

Back 68

92 sister chromatids (46 pairs)

Front 69

The 92 sister chromatids (46 replicated chromosomes) are distributed to 2 nuclei with 46 chromosomes (2 2N nuclei)

Back 69

Mitosis

Front 70

The 92 sister chromatids (46 replicated chromosomes) are distributed to 4 1N nuclei with 23 chromosomes each

Back 70

Meiosis

Front 71

In oogenesis in the female ovary produces 3 small 1N polar bodies that die and 1 large 1N gamete that survives called:

Back 71

Ovum

Front 72

Steps of Meiosis I

Back 72

1. Meiosis 1
2. Metaphase 1
3. Anaphase 2
4. Telephase 2

Front 73

Before meiosis 1 beings

Back 73

chromosomes replicate to become a pair of sister chromatids and 2 centrosomes replicate

Front 74

Prophase 1 (5)

Back 74

1. Chromosomes condense
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles
3. Nuclear envelope fragments
4. Spindle fibers attach to only 1 side of each centromere
5. Homologs ungergo synapsis and pair up to form tetrads

2N = 4(replicated c'somes)
4 pairs of sister chromatids (8 Chromatids)

Front 75

Metaphase 1 (2)

Back 75

1. Replicated chromosomes line up randomly in double file fashion on the metaphase plate
2. Meotic spindle fibers become symetrical

2N = 4(replicated c'somes)
4 pairs of sister chromatids (8 Chromatids)

Front 76

Anaphase 1 (3)

Back 76

1. Centromeres do not divide
2. homologs separate into 2 1N sets taht migrate towards opposite poles
3. Chromosome count is cut in half (2N to 2 sets of N)

1N = 2 Replicated c'somes
1N = 2 Replicated c'somes
8 chromatids

Front 77

Telephase 1 (3)

Back 77

1. The 2 1N sets of duplicated chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell
2. Nuclear envelope develops
3. Cytokineis occurs

1N = 2 Replicated c'somes
1N = 2 Replicated c'somes
8 chromatids

Front 78

Prophase 2 (4) (occurs twice once for each 1N)

Back 78

1. 1N set of chromosomes condense
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles
3. Nuclear envelope fragments
4. Spindle fibers form and attach to both sides of centromeres

1N=2(replicated c'somes)
2 pairs of sister chromatide (4 chromatids)

Front 79

Metaphase 2 (2)

Back 79

1. Replicated set of 1N chromosomes line up randomly in a single file fashion on the metaphase plate
2. Spidle fibers are symmetrical

1N=2(replicated c'somes)
2 pairs of sister chromatide (4 chromatids)

Front 80

Anaphase 2 (3)

Back 80

1. Centromeres divide as each sister chromatid becomes an unreplicated chromosome.
2. Chromosome count doubles (2 1N sets)
3. The 1N sets are pulled apart by shortening spindle fibers

1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes)
1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes)

Front 81

Telephase 2 (4)

Back 81

1. The two 1N sets of chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell
2. Nuclear envelope forms
3. Meiosis is over
4. Cytokinesis occurs

1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes)
1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes)

Front 82

Genetically identical twins that develop from same fertilized egg

Back 82

Maternal Twins

Front 83

Twins that develop from two sperm and two eggs

Back 83

Fraternal Twins

Front 84

Fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote:

Back 84

Fertilization

Front 85

Failure of the chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Back 85

Nondisjunction