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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
External Nares
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nostrils
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Dorsal
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back
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Ventral
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underside
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umbilical cord
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attaches the fetus to a placenta in the wall of the sow's uterus
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umbilical vein
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blue, carries nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus
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umbilical artery
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red, carries waste products and carbon dioxide away from the fetus
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anus
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posterior opening of the digestive tract
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genital papilla
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in female pig, small fleshy projection near anus
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urogenital opening
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where genital papilla protrudes from in female pigs, found just behind umbilical cord in male pigs
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posterior
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behind
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caudal
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behind
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scrotum
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contains the testes
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buccal cavity
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in mouth of pig
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hard palate
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ridges on roof of pig's mouth
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soft palate
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behind hard palate, not supported by bone
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epiglottis
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fleshy piece of tissue extending up into the opening behind the palate deep in the pig's throat
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glottis
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opening within the epiglottis
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anterior
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front
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diaphragm
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thin sheet of muscle separating the anterior thoracic cavity from the more posterior abdominal cavity
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heart
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in mammals, divided into 4 chambers
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right atrium
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blood enters from anterior and posterior vena cava, pumps to right ventricle
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right ventricle
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blood is pumped into this from right atrium, this pumps blood out through the pulmonary trunk
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pulmonary
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takes blood to lungs to be oxygenated
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left atrium
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returning blood enters this from lungs
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left ventricle
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left atrium pumps blood into this, and it pumps blood out of heart
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aortic arch
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outside of heart where blood is pumped
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inferior vena cava
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drains blood from the lower part of the body
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superior vena cava
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brings returning blood from the arms and head
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brachiocephalic artery
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artery closest to heart carrying blood to the cartoid arteries leading to the head and to the arteries of the right arm and shoulder
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left subclavian artery
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arises from aorta, carries blood to the left arm and shoulder
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iliac arteries
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what aorta splits into, 2 of them carry blood to posterior legs
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foramen ovale
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opening in the wall between the 2 ventricles, in fetuses only
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ductus arteriosus
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blood which is pumped from the right ventricle out the pulmonary trunk is diverted to the aortic arch through this
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lungs
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fill thoracic cavity, divided into 7 lobes (4 right/3 left)
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larynx
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voice box
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thymus gland
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large mass of glandular tissue which lies along the trachea
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thyroid gland
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found posterior to larynx
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bronchus
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where air passes through after trachea, 2 lead into the left and right lungs
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bronchiole
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smaller and smaller branches of bronchi in the lobes of the lungs
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alveoli
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ultimate ending of bronchi, minute termincal sacs, where gases are exchanged with the blood
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liver
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largest organ of the body, liges along the diaphragm and fills the anterior third of the cavity
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functions of liver
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stores carbs, converts proteins to carbs and fats, detoxifies blood, destroys old red blood cells, secretes bile
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gall bladder
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small green sac which may be found buried in the liver between two of the right lobes
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function of gall bladder
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where bile is stored
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stomach
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under liver
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spleen
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dark red, tonguelike, under stomach
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function of spleen
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storage organ for red blood cells
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esophagus
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what the cardiac region receives food from
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fundus
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rounded part of the stomach, primary digestive area of the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
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muscle that regulates the passage of material out of the stomach into the small intestine
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pyloric region
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posteriormost part of the stomach
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small intestine
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has 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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duodenum
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part of small intestine, pancreas supports it
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pancreas
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supports duodenum
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function of pancreas
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produces many enzymes responsible for the digestion of nearly all foodstuffs, secretes insulin and glucagon, controls carb metabolism
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jejunum
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part of small intestine
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Ileum
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part of small intestine
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colon
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greater part of large intestine, absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
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caecum
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blind pouch of small intestine located near its junction with the large intestine
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large intestine
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stores feces
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rectum
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short, straight, terminal part of intestine where feces is stored
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kidney
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bean-shaped, partially embedded in the dorsal body wall along spine, part of excretory system
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ureter
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small tube from kidney that carries urine to urinary bladder
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urinary bladder
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where urine is stored for a short time
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cortex
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outer most layer of kidney
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medulla
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more central portion of kidney
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nephron
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kidney is composed of these
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glomerulus
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part of nephron located in the cortex of kidney
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loop of Henle
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part of nephron located in the medulla of kidney
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renal papilla
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project into the renal pelvis
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renal pelvis
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opens into the ureter
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urethra
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in males, short structure at the base of the urinary bladder, 2 thin tubes enter
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vas deferens
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in males, part of urethra
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prostate gland
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in males, contribute to production of seminal fluids involved with production of sperm, embedded in seminal vesicles
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inguinal canal
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in males, opening that vas deferens pass through
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epididymis
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in males, coiled tubular mass wrapped around the oval testis, stores sperm
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testis
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in males, where sperm are produced
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penis
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in males, at posterior end of the body, passes deeply through muscle tissue and turns anteriorly clost to rectum
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bulbourethral glands
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in males, 2, one on each side, opens into the urethra
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ovaries
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in females, small, beanlike, posterior to kidneys
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cervix
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in femalesjunction of uters and vagina
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urogenital sinus
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in females, formed by urethra joining posterior end fo the vagina
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mycelium
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body of fungal groups usually composed of filaments called hyphae
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hypha
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filaments that compose myclium
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coenocytic
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adjoining cell walls are lost and the cytoplasm flows unobstructed through the hypha
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spores
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cells produced in sporangium
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Dictyostelida
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example of cellular slime mold (K-protista, P-Acrasiomycota)
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plasmodium
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large unicells of multinucleate protoplasm, what myxomycotes form
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cytoplasmic streaming
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constantly flowing cytoplasm within the plasmodium, allows nutrients and metabolic products to be transported throughout the unicellular mass
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oomycota
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phylum from kingdom protista, egg fungi and water molds
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oogonia
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large round structures in protists found in oomycota phylum
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anteridia
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produce sperm in males
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oospore
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zygotes that are fertilized eggs in the oogoina
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zoospores
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flagellated zygotes
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zygomycota
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fungal division, zygospore forming fungi, bread molds
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stolon
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hyphal filament growing along the substrate
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sporangiophores
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arise along the stolons, anchored into the substrate by rhizoids
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rhizoid
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anchors sporangiophores
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sporangium
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tip of sporangiophore that produces haploid spores as a mode of sexual reproduction
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gametangia
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grow toward one another when two strains of hyphae are mating filled with haploid nuclei
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gametangiophores
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fuse together when two strains of hyphae are mating
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zygospore
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where the haploid nuclei within the gametangiophores fuse to produce a single diploid zygote
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ascomycota
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fungi division, sac fungi
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cytoplasmic bridge
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forms between two gametangia and nuclei from one side migrate to the other
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dikaryon
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N + N chromosomal arrangement
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ascus
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what sac fungi are characterized by, reproductive sac
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ascospores
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8 are found in each ascus, haploid
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basidiomycota
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fungal division, club fungi
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stalk
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stem of mushroom
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cap
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top of mushroom
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annulus
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ring below the cap of a mushroom
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basidiocarp
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fruiting body of basidiomycetes, made up of dikaryotic hyphae
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basidia
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reproductive structures located on the margins of the gill structures on the lower surface of the mushroom cap
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basidiospore
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4 bud off of the basidium and will grow into a new haploid hyphal filament
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conidiophores
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holds haploid spores of conidia
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conidia
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haploid spores borne on conidiophores
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mycorrhizae
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fungi that form associations with the roots of vascular plants, mutual
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lichen
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symbiotic or commensal relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
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chlorophyta
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division of kingdom protista, green algae
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chlorophyll
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primary photosynthetic pigment, green
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starch
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how carbs are stored in plants
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cellulose
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what a cell wall in plants is composed of
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chloroplast
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site of photosynthesis in green plants
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daughter colonies
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small, seen within the parent colony
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pyrenoids
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site of starch storage within the chloroplast
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cell walls
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separate cells
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conjugation tube
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forms between two nearby filaments during sexual reproduction of spirogyra
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conjugation
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sexual reproduction that spirogyra undergoes
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zygote
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when two nuclei fuse they form this
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alternation of generations
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succession between a haploid and a diploid condition, revolution between a gametophyte and a sporophyte
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haploid
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1N plants, called gametophytes
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gametophytes
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1N plants, produce gametes
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gametes
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haploid sex cells
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archegonia
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specialized organ that produces haploid eggs
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antheridia
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specialized organ that produces haploid sperm
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egg
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haploid sex cell produced by archegonia
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sperm
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haploid sex cell produced by antheridia
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syngamy
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represents the transition to the diploid generation
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diploid
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2N generation, plant is referred to as a sporophyte because it produces spores
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sporophyte
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diploid plant that produces spores
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meiosis
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what sporangia undergoresulting in haploid spores, shift from sporophyte to gametophyte
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heterosporous
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spores develop develop into different unisexual gametophytes, either male or female
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homosporous
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spores develop into gametophytes with both male and female sex organes
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bryophyta
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division of plantae kingdom, mosses and liverworts
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dioecious
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separate male and female plants bearing sexual reproductive organs within the tip of the plant thallus
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antheridiophores
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flower looking structures that grow above the flat leafy body of the gametophyte that antheridia are born on
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archegoniophores
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palm tree looking structures that grow above the flat leafy body of the gametophyte that archegonia are born on
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gemmae
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how liverworts reproduce sexually by means of these small discs of vegetative cells
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gemmae cups
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grow on the upper surface of the liverwort thallus, what gemmae develop into through mitosis
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xylem
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conduct water and dissolved minerals, chiefly from the roots up into the stem, branches and leaves
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vessels
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cells that make up functional xylem, dead and consist only of empty cell walls left from living cells
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phloem
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vascular tissue that transports the photosynthate, product of photosynthesis
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sieve tube cells
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cells that make up the phloem tissue, living but lack nucleus
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companion cells
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directs metabolic activity of sieve tube cells that are adjacent and nucleated
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rhizome
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lateral stem underground that is absorptive, form of root
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lycophyta
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division of kingdom plantae, club mosses and quillworts
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true roots
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contain vascular tissues
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microphyll
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club moss leaf, typically small with a single, unbranching trace of vascular tissue arising from the stem and invading the leaf
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megaphylls
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leaves with extensively branching vascular tissue, found in more advanced plants
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strobili
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cluster of sprophylls bearing sporangia positioned laterally on the stem
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nodes
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joints on stems
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internode
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region between nodes on leaves where lateral, jointed branches arise
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vegetative shoot
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infertile type that arises from a perennial underground rhizome
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pterophyta
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division of plantae, true ferns
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fronds
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large, megaphyll leaves that arise from small, underground rhizomes in ferns
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roots
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project from underground stems and absorb water and needed minerals from the soil
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sorus
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reproductive clusters of sporangia formed on the undersurface of fern fronds
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indusium
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flap of tissue protecting the sporangia in ferns
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prothallus
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free-living gametohyte that fern grows into, has a short life span with no conducting tissues and small stature
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seed
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plant embryo, mature ovule
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megagametophyte
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female haploid generation
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microgametophyte
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male haploid generation
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pollen
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what microgametophytes are reduced to, composed of only three or four cells, male gametophyte
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cycadophyta
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division of plantae, cycads
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ginkgophyta
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division of plantae, ginkgo
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spur shoots
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arise off of the longs shoots comprising the main stem and branches, bliobed fan-shaped leaves and fruits are borne on these
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coniferophyta
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division of plantae, conifers
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monoecious
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reproduction in conifers has only spores
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staminate cones
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male cones that are higher up on the tree than the ovulate cones
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ovulate cones
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female cones that are lower on the tree than the staminate cones
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microsporangium
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large structures seen making up the bulk of the staminate cone
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microsporophyll
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microsporangia are suspended from the undersurface of these
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nucellus
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diploid nutritive tissue within the integument and surrounding the female gametophyte
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anthophyta
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divisio of plantae
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flower
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made up of a series of closely associated elembents, collecting into whorls, homologous to a shoot bering fertile and non-fertile appendages, that has been condensed and specialized
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calyx
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outer non-reproductive portion of the flower, made up of a whorl of sepals
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corolla
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inner non-reproductive portion of the flower, made up of petals
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stamen
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male part of a flower, surround central pistil, consist of anther on the tip of a filament
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pistil
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female part of a flower, composed of stigma, style, and ovary
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anther
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on the tip of a filament, part of the stamen, filled with pollen, where microsporogenesis occurs
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microsporogenesis
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meiotic divisions that produce pollen
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carpel
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individual segments of an ovary which are fused together
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megaspore mother cell
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large diploid cell in the center of an ovule in a flower, develops into an embryo sac
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embryo sac
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female megagametophyte that is surrounded by two integuments and is what the megaspore mother cell develops into, primarily haploid
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micropyle
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opening between the integuments that surround the embryo sac of a flower
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megaspores
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embyro sac undegoes a meiotic cell division, resulting in a single cell with 4 haploid of these
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antipodal
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3 of the 4 triploid nuclei form these nuclei
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polar
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1 of the 4 triploid nuclei form this nucleus
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synergids
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2 are produced from the remaining haploid nucleus from initial meiotic division which undergoes two rounds of mitotic cell divsions, near the micropyle
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double fertilization
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sexual reproduction where pollen grains are released, carried to stigma, creates a pollen tube and releases 2 sperm nuclei to have 2 fertilization events
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stigma
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site of pollination
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pollination
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pollen is deposited on teh pistil
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pollen tube
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grows down through the style of flower when pollen grain germinates, has 3 nuclei, grows into the ovary to an ovule
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pollen tube nucleus
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directs the metabolic activities of the tube
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endosperm
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nutritive tissue utilized by the growing embryo, formed by the pentaploid nucleus
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ray flower
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outer-most, have retained a few petals
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disc flowers
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within the head, have no petals
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composites
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plants with clusters of modified flowers
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monocotyledones
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monocots, single seed leaf, petals in multiples of 3 (trimerous), parallel venation, tissue in scattered vascular bundles, adventitious roots (bunches, fine)
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cotyledon
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seed leaf
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dicotyledones
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dicots, 2 seed leaves, petals in multiples of 4(tetramerous) or 5 (pentamerous), reticulate venation, tissue in rings around stem, primary roots (one main root)
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parenchyma
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basic ground cell of plants, make up the bulk of the plant body
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schlerenchyma
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thick-walled cells important in support
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collenchyma
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modified form of parenchyma specialized for supprt in young plant organs
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apical meristem
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sites of active cell division
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vascular cambium
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causes secondary growth (increase in diameter), meristematic tissue
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cork cambium
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formation causes lateral growth, located in the cortex outside of the phloem tissue
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axillary bud
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at the base of the leaves, small
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root cap
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covers the tip of the root, layer of cells which protect the apical meristem as it grows through the soil
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lenticels
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numerous scatterings in the bark allowing gas exchange with the underlying vascular tissues
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pith
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very large, thin-walled cells making up the bulk of the center of the stem
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vascular bundles
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where conducting tissues are found, arranged in a circular pattern around the periphery of the stem
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vascular cambium
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only a single-cell layer thick, between xylem and phloem
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periderm
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outside of phloem, in position of epidermis which is lost during secondary growth, composed of phellogen
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phellogen
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cork cambium, meristematic tissue which produces phelloderm parenchymal cells toward the inside and phellum cells to the outside
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phelloderm
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cells toward the inside
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phellum
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cork, toward the outside
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cuticle
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thin covering on the upper epidermis that helps prevent water oss from the leaf surface
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palisade mesophyll
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elongated cells under the upper epidermis, primary site of photosynthetic activity within the leaf
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compound leaves
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composed of a number of leaflets
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palmate leaves
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vascular veins are arranged like fingers radiating rom the palm of your hand
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pinnate leaves
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vascular veins are arranged like the filaments of a bird feather
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stele
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vascular cylinder of the root
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casparian strip
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waxy covering where junctions between cells of the outermost layer of the stele and the endodermis are sealed, prevents water from passing around the cell
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pericycle
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just inside the endodermis, layer of cells responsible for the formation of lateral roots
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root hairs
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covers root, structures that significantly increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of water and minerals
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