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154 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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have internal tissues that conduct water and solutes through roots, leaves, and stems
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vascular plants
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nonvascular plants
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bryophytes
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3 types of bryophytes
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liverworts, hornworts, mosses
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4 types of seedless vascular plants
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whisk ferns, lycophytes, horsetails, ferns
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seed-bearing vascular plants are called this
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gymnosperms
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4 examples of gymnosperms
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cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, conifers
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ccgg
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vascular plants that bear seeds and flowers
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angiosperms
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Angelo loves seeds and flowers.
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2 examples of flowering plants
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dicots, monocots
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One holds one person for sleeping, the other holds two.
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underground absorptive structures which, taken together, have a large surface area. rapidly take up soil water and dissolve mineral ions. often anchor the plant.
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root systems
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system #1
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aboveground stems and leaves that absorb energy from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air
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shoot systems
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system #2
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required to be developed before stems could grow and branch. an organic compound in cell walls. help support stems.
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lignin
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Without this, you have LEG NONE.
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one type of vascular tissue. distributes water and dissolved ions through the plant.
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xylem
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type of vascular tissue. distributes water and dissolved ions through the plant
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phloem
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FLOW 'EM
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allowed for water conservation. a waxy coat that helped conserve water on hot, dry days. protects shoots.
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cuticle
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like in nails
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tiny openings across the surface of leaves and some stems. control carbon dioxide absorption and restrict evaporative water loss.
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stomata
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help in the STOring of wATA by controlling stuff
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gamete-producing bodies. they dominate the haploid (n) phase of algal life cycles.
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gametophyte
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The phase that dominates most plant life cycles.
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diploid phase
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the form that represents the diploid (2n) phase
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zygote
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there's a zygote. it forms after fertilization between two gametes. this zygote undergoes MITOTIC CELL DIVISIONS and CELL ENLARGEMENTS that turn it into _____, a multicelled, diploid plant body.
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sporophyte
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what does this thing produce.
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k. now that we have a sporophyte, it needs to reproduce. how does it do this? it produces these diploid things.
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spores
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k. now we have spores. these spores undergo MITOTIC cell divisions to produce this intermediary body.
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gametophyte
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a symbiotic relationship between fungus and young roots that helps plants take up water and minerals even during dry seasons.
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mycorrhizae
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the fungus said, "this is MY CORE (home) as well as HIS AYE?
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in algae and bryophytes, which is more complex and larger: the sporophyte or the gametophyte?
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gametophyte
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in vascular plants, which is more complex and larger: the sporophyte or the gametophyte?
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sporophyte
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the sporophyte was the dominant life cycle in these, and then these
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gymnosperms, angiosperms
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fertilization and dispersal of each new generation could be timed with the arrival of _______________ because of the domination of sporophytes
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suitable environmental conditions
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these give rise to pollen
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microspores
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these give rise to female gametophytes that produce eggs
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macrospores/megaspores
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seed-bearing plants (or some seedless plants) produce TWO types of spores and therefore engage in...
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heterospory
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non-seed-bearing plants produce ONE type of spore and therefore engage in...
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homospory
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microspores give rise to this, which later become mature, sperm-bearing male gametophytes
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pollen grains
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pollen grains travel around looking for these
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eggs
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the use of pollen grains and eggs shows that seed-bearing plants are enormously different from these
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algae
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the evolution of pollen grains allowed for seed-bearing plants to radiate into these type of habitats
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high and dry
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what is a seed? (3 parts)
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embryo sporophyte, nutritious tissues, protective coat
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just remember PEN. the tip of a pen is like a seed
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seed plants rose to dominance during this period, in which shifts in climate were extreme
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Permian times
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sPERM of plants had a easier time during this time
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a time when mild climates prevailed and dense swamp forests carpeted the wet lowlands of continents. favored plant growth throughout much of the year.
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Carboniferous time
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these trees, with lignin-reinforced tissues and well developed root and shoot systems, flourished during the Carboniferous period
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lycophyte trees
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lycophyte trees during the Carboniferous period grew to this height
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40 meters
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these type of plants, especially these species, grew high during the Carboniferous period. they grew to this height.
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horsetails, calamites, 20 meters
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during the Carboniferous period, the sea level rose and fell this many times
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fifty times
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what happened when sea levels receded?
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swamp forests flourished
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what happened when sea levels rose?
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plants were submerged and buried in sediments
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what did being buried in sediments mean for plants
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they would be prevented from decay
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the sediments squeezed the saturated, undecaying remains of the plants until they became something we call what
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peat
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after being squeezed for so long, it is thoroughly PEAT (beat)
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more sediments accumulated, there was more heat and more pressure until the peat became known as...
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coal
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coal has a lot of this element
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carbon
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start with same letter
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we use coal as a...
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fossil fuel
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what do you call a bunch of coal
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a seam of coal
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we often hear of these for coal or other fossil fuels. this term shouldn't be taken literally. extraction is the reality.
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production rates
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is coal a renewable source of energy?
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nope
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today, bryophytes include 18,600 species of these three categories
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mosses, liverworts, hornworts
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bryophytes are shorter than this height
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twenty centimeters
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bryophytes are nonvascular plants because they have none of these
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xylem/phloem
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XYLoPHone
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these are elongated cells or threadlike structures in bryophytes that attach the gametophytes to soil and serve as absorptive structures
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rhizoids
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bryophytes are the simplest plants to display three features that evolved in early land plants. name these features.
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1. cuticle that prevents water loss from aboveground parts
2. cellular jacket around the parts that produce sperm and eggs, holds in moisture 3. (only bryophytes) large gametophytes that DO NOT DEPEND on sporophytes for nutrition. instead, the sporophytes initially depend on the gametophytes for nutrition. |
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there are 18,600 species of bryophytes. 10,000 of these species are these type, the most common bryophyte
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moss
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how fast do most bryophytes grow?
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slowly
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unspecific
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how many tons of peat moss can spread over how much land?
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12 metric tons per hectare
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how much more stuff does peat moss yield than corn plants?
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2x
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how much more water can peat moss hold than cotton? how?
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5x, because of their large/dead cells in their leaflike parts
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what does peat moss produce and what does it inhibit?
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acids; growth of bacterial and fungal decomposers
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moss is good at two things particularly. name them.
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1. absorbing
2. being an antiseptic |
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because of moss's properties, it was used as an emergency _________ on wounds of soldiers in WWI.
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poultice
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remains of peat mosses slowly accumulate into compressed, exceedingly moist mats called...
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peat bogs
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in what kind of regions can peat bogs cover areas up to 1/2 the size of the US
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cold and temperate regions
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these bogs are marked by what kind of property?
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acidity
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nearly all peat that's harvested and dried in what country and other places is used to generate what?
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Ireland, electricity
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this is one of the earliest known vascular plants (it's seedless), no more than a few centimeters tall.
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Cooksonia
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the Cooksonia probably grew where?
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mud flats
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these are 4 types of seedless vascular plants that are still with us.
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whisk ferns, lycophytes, horsetails, ferns
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We Like to Have Fun
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this is the kind of place most seedless vascular plants like.
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wet, humid
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what do vascular plant gametophytes lack?
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vascular tissues
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most seedless vascular plants rely on what to reproduce?
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water drops, flagellated sperm
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those species of seedless vascular plants that don't rely on water drops to reproduce rely on what instead?
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rain
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seedless vascular plants are therefore often called the _________ of the plant kingdom
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amphibians
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what are whisk ferns not?
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ferns
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what do whisk ferns resemble?
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whisk brooms
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florist suppliers cultivate whisk ferns in what kind of region?
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tropical and subtropical
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this genus of whisk ferns is a unique one, in that its sporophyte has no roots or leaves.
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Psilotum
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short, branched, and mainly horizontal absorptive stems (as in Psilotum)
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rhizomes
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Psilotum have what on their stems, and what in their stems?
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scalelike projections, xylem/phloem
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this previously-mentioned, formerly-huge seedless vascular plant is the oldest vascular plant. it used to reach heights of trees, but now is far tinier.
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lycophytes
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this plant used to be the only one, so it would LICK things and enjoy life. then it realized it had competition and said, "OH, I have to FIGHT"
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the most familiar type of lycophyte
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club moss
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club moss form mats on...
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forest floors
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types of club mosses that can come back to life after being dried up for extended periods
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resurrection plants
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the sporophytes of most club mosses have what two things
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1. leaves
2. branching rhizome |
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these are parts of sporophytes that are nonphotosynthetic, cone-shaped leaf clusters with spore-producing structures. such as in club mosses.
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strobilus
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this cone sticks out like a STROBE. who does it look like it wants to make them ILL? US.
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this kind of plant is heterosporous. two kinds of spores develop in the same strobilus.
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selaginella
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SELL A GIN to ELLA so that she turns weird and can create two kinds of gametes
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this tree-like seedless vascular plant flourished in ancient swamp forests.
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sphenophytes
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this plan was SPINning with joy until it noticed that it had competition and that it said, "OH! FIGHT!"
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the only type of sphenophyte left today is the _______, commonly known as _______
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Equisetum, horsetail
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after much evolutionizing and stuff, this plant finally remained the only one there of its kind, after everything reached EQUIlibrium and was SET. UMMMMM.... yeah
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in what kind of environment do horsetails live?
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disturbed habitats (streambank muds, vacant lots, roadsides, etc)
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the spores of horsetails are how long across?
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1 mm to 1 cm
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what three things to sporophytes of horsetails have?
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1. rhizomes
2. hollow photosynthetic stems 3. scale-shaped leaves |
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the xylem and phloem strands in a sporophyte of a horsetail are arranged in what kind of form?
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ringlike array
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what kind of structures support the stems of the sporophytes of the horsetails and give them a sandpaper-like texture? what are they reinforced with?
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ribs; silica
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rather than use towels, pioneers to the American West used horsetails as what?
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pot scrubbers
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the largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants
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ferns (Pterophyta)
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almost all ferns are native to what kind of region
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tropics
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what word describes the size range of ferns
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stunning
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on the lower end, what kind of fern can have leaves less 1 cm across?
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floating type
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on the upper end, what kind of fern can get to 25 meters tall? what kind of fern has leave stalks that are super-long?
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tropical tree fern, climbing fern
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most ferns have what?
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vascularized rhizomes that give rise to roots and leaves
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gives two examples of ferns that do not have vascularized rhizomes that give rise to roots and leaves.
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1. tropical tree ferns (tall ones)
2. epiphytes (any aerial plant that grows attached to tree trunks or branches) |
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what are fern leaves called?
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fronds
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as fronds are young, they resemble what?
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fiddleheads
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what are the fronds divided into when they mature?
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leaflets
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rust-colored patches on the lower surface of many fern fronds. clusters of spore-producing structures.
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sorus (sori)
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oh no. us spore feeled things are so SORE because we're swelling up and about to burst. help US!
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between what two periods did the first seed-bearing plants begin appearing?
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Devonian and Carboniferous
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these three types of seed-bearing plants are the dominant types.
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1. seed ferns
2. gymnosperms 3. angiosperms |
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this is the first way in which seed-bearing plants differ from seedless.
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1. they have thickened cuticles, stomata recessed below leaf surfance, and other water-conserving traits
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when which period gave way to which period did things get drier and cooler, meaning harder time for seedless plants?
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Carboniferous, Permian
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between the Carboniferous and Permian periods, what disappeared?
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swamps
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this is the second way in which seed-bearing plants differ from the seedless
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the use of micro/megaspores
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this type of spore gives rise to pollen grains (sperm-bearing male gametophytes)
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microspores
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this type of spore gives rise to female gametophytes that make egg cells
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megaspores
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what is a pollen grain like?
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a suitcase for sperm
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what substance do seed-bearing plants NOT need that seedless plants do need for reproduction?
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water
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how does pollen get transported when it comes to gymnosperms?
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the air
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how does pollen get transported when it comes to angiosperms?
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air or insects, birds, bats, other animals
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this is the arrival of pollen grains on female reproductive structures
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pollination
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this is the third way in which seed-bearing plants differ from seedless plants
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embryos are dispersed from the parent plant in seeds (hence the name difference of the two)
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a female gametophyte with its egg, nutrient-rich tissue, and a jacket of cell layers that will become the seed coat
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ovule
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this will form in the ovule when a sperm fertilizes the egg
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zygote
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these types of trees dominated many habitats at one time
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conifers
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during which period did the conifers dominate many habitats
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mesozoic
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what makes reproduction amongst conifers difficult?
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slow reproductive pace
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in what three types of places do conifers still predominate?
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1. far north
2. higher elevations 3. some parts of the Southern Hemisphere |
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what plants are competition for conifers
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flowering plants
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what are conifers newly vulnerable to?
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deforestation
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woody trees and shrubs that produce scalelike or needlelike leaves and bear seeds exposed on scales of female cones
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conifers
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kinds of conifers that shed some leaves all year but stay leafy
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evergreen
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types of conifers that shed leaves all at once in the cold, dry season
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deciduous
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all conifers:
1. the most abundant trees 2. the tallest trees 3. the oldest trees |
1. pines
2. redwood 3. bristlecone pine |
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one bristlecone pine sprouted when Egyptians built this
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Great Sphinx
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these 4 are also conifers
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firs, spruces, yews, junipers
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these gymnosperms used to be diverse in dinosaur times
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ginkgos
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the only surviving species of ginkgos. they used to be played in temples in China. they nearly became extinct. have attractive, fan-shaped leaves and are resistant to insects, disease, and air pollutants. females aren't favored because they smell.
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maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)
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the type of gymnosperm that resembles palm trees. it has pollen-bearing cones on male plants and seed-bearing cones on female ones.
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cyads
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most cyads live in which regions
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tropical and subtropical
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which species of cyads grow wild in Florida and are widely planted as ornaments
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Zamia
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seeds and flour made from the trunks of cyads are edible after what is removed
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toxic alkaloids
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wood plants that exist in three types
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gnetophytes
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the three types of gnetophytes
1. leathery leafed vines, in humid tropics 2. live in California deserts and some other arid regions 3. grow in hot deserts of south and west Africa. the sporophyte is mainly a deep-reaching taproot. has cones and one or two strap-shaped leaves that split lengthwise repeatedly as the plant ages. |
1. gnetum
2. ephedra 3. welwitschia mirabilis |
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angiosperms are known for their reproductive structures called...
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flowers
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what word refers to the female reproductive parts at the center of a flower?
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angeion
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what does angeion mean?
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vessel
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insects, bats, birds, and other animals that withdraw nectar or pollen from a flower and transfer pollen to female reproductive conterparts
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pollinators
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angiosperms range in size from these (mm or so long) to these (up to 100 m tall)
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tiny duckweeds, Eucalyptus trees
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two examples of angiosperms that are not photosynthetic and withdraw nutrients from other plants or mycorrhizae
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mistletoes, Indian pipe
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the two classes of flowering plants
1. includes herbaceous (nonwoody) plants such as cabbages, daisies, flowering shrubs and trees, water lilies, cacti 2. orchids, palms, lilies, grasses, other high valued crop plants |
1. dicots
2. monocots |
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a nutritive tissue that surrounds embryo sporophytes inside the seeds of flowering plants
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endosperm
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as the seeds develop, the ovaries mature into these
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fruits
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a process in which one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fertilizes the endosperm
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double fertilization
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