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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GERMINATION
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- The process by which an embryo (inside a seed) resumes its growth -
-resumes b/c an embryo inside a seed is in a state of suspended animation and it is waiting for the right conditions to grow (H2O + O, good temp.) - The 1st sign of germination are roots coming out of an embryo, out of the seed |
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PERENNIAL
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- Lives for several years
-Many (not all) reproduce many times during their lifespan - EX:many herbaceous plants and ALL WOODy plants - evergreen (loose leafs a little at a time)vs. desidious trees (loose all their leafs every yr) |
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ANNUAL
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- Completes its life-cyle and dyes within 1 growing season\
-EX: sunflowers, beans, corn |
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BIENNIAL
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-Flowering plant that takes 2 growing seasons to complete its lifecycles - carrots, parsleys and onions
-1st growing season - produce roots and shoots - 2nd growing season - produces flower and stalk |
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PRIMARY GROWTH
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Growth that increases the length of height of a plant - cells grow on top of one another making the plant longer
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SECONDARY GROWTH
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-Growth that increases the width of roots and stems
-produeced by cell division that heppens in the following 2 meristems: 1)cork cambium and 2)vascular cambium - Mostly seen in woody plants (not herbs) |
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APICAL MERISTERM
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- plant part that produces primary growth thru cell division
-Located at the tip of the stems and at the end of roots (where growth occurs) - produces primary dermal, primary ground and primary vascular tissues of roots, stems and leaves |
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3 TYPES OF PLANTS DEPENDING ON HOW LONG THEY LIVE
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1) perennials 2) annuals 3) biannuals
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COMPARE SEED GERMINATION IN BEANS AND CORNS
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Beans (dicots) shoot up from the seed forming a hook. The hook straightens out as the cotyledons (seed leafs) emerge from the soil .
p. 590 pic Corn (monocots) - the shoot is covered by a sheath. As the shoot grows straight up it comes out of the sheath, but the cotylendon stays in the ground. |
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WHAT PRODUCES PLANT GROWTH??
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By cell division in the active cells of the meristems
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CORK CAMBIUM
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- meristem which is within the bark that produces cork cells - increases the width
- secondary growth |
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VASCULAR CAMBIUM
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- Lies under the bark - -produces vascular tissue -also part of secondary growth
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DEVELOPMENT OF A WOODY STEM
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1) it starts with the ring of vasc bundle b/n cortex and pith in a young woody stem. Each bundle contains xylem and phloem
2) vascular cambium forms in each vasc bundle. Core cambium forms as epidermis are stretched and broken. 3) in a mature stem, no more cortex or primary phloem remains. The vasc cambium has formed a solid cylinder that adds new layers of secondary xylem and phloem each yr. vasc and cork cambium ->increases the cylinder size by adding a new layer of secondary xylem and phloem every yr |
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Do plants stop growing ?
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No - they alway keep growing even when mature.
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How can you produce a slightly different version of a plant?
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by growing it with tissue culture
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what nutrients must plan have in order to grow?
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carbon dioxide and water (needed for photosynthesis), Oxygen for cellular respiration and 13 other for healthy plant growth.
N, Phospo, Potass, Calc, Mag, Sulfur |
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What controls how plants grow? (their pattern)
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hormones
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AUXIN
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the growth promoting chemical that causes plants to bend
- it's a hormone |
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HORMONE
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a chemical that is produced in one part of the organism and tranported to another part and causes a response
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APICAL DOMINANCE
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- when Auxin is present and it inhibits the growth of buds along a stem
- cutting the tips of a stem removes the auxin and allows other buds to grow more branches |
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what is chemical that is used to advance plant ripening artificially?
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ethylene
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What affects the rate of growth of plants?
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sunlight,
nutrients, water - BC hormones react differently to these and cause the plant to grow at different rates depending on these |
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tropism
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a response in which the plant grows away or towards a stimulus
-ex - phototropism - growing towards light - ex; gravitropism - growing towards gravity |
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PHOTOPERIODISM
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- The response of a plant to the length of days and night
- controlled by the length of the night - long day and short day plants - day neurtral plants - don't get affected by leght of day - Poinsetta - short day plant - grow when nights are longer and days are shorter |
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what do many plants need in order to flower in the early spring?
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Need a certain amount of cold nights in order to flower
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DORMANCY
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- when plants go into inactive state due to temperature being too cold
- scales cover dormant buds so that they don't sprout if they get a warm day |
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negative gravitytropism
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when roots grow upwards
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how are rigs in a tree trunk formed?
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- trees develop rings in their trunk as they mature
- vascular cambium + cork cambium --> secondary phloem and secondary xylem - vascular bundles --> solid rings - one new ring is produced each year --> annual rings - a result of secondary growth of xylem and phloem |
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where does water enter the plant?
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through the roots (from the soil) by osmosis
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what is the difference of fibrous roots and taproots?
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taproot - large central root from which much smaller roots branch
fibrous roots - highly branched, fibrous root system |
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what are some important features of each layer of mesophyll?
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1) upper layer - palisade layer - a row of closely packed columnar cells
2) lower layer - spongy layer - a row of spherical cells - has lots of air spaces with somata (small holes) so that gases can travel |
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what is the function of the stomata?
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let the airand other gasses pass between the leaf and the outside
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