Biology P Final1

Front 1

Science

Back 1

is an organized way of using evidence about the natural world.

Front 2

Observation

Back 2

the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful orderly way.

Front 3

Data

Back 3

the information gathered from observations.

Front 4

Inference

Back 4

is a lodgical interpritation based on prior knowledge or exerience.

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Hypothesis

Back 5

is a proposed scientific explination for a set of observations.

Front 6

Spontainious generation

Back 6

hypothesis (disproven)stateing that life could arise from non living matter.

Front 7

Controlled experiment

Back 7

a test of the effect of a single variable by changeing it while keeping all other variables the same

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Manipulated variable

Back 8

factor in an experiment that a scientist pourpously changes; also known as independant variable.

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Responding variable

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factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as the dependant variable.

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Theory

Back 10

well-tested exlination that unifies a broad range of observations.

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Biology

Back 11

is the science that emloys the scientific method to study living things.

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Metric System

Back 12

is a decimal system of measurements whose untis are based upon certain physical standards and are scaled on multipules of ten.

Front 13

Microscopes

Back 13

are devices that produces magnifies images of structures that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Front 14

Compound-light microsopes

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microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form and image.

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Electron microscopes

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microsope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a speciman.

Front 16

Cell culture

Back 16

a group of cells grown in a nutrient soloution from a single original cell.

Front 17

Cell fractionation

Back 17

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the diffrerent cell parts are seperated.

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Atom

Back 18

basic unit of matter

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Nucleus

Back 19

the center of an atom which contains the protons and neutrons.

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Electron

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a negitively charged partical (-) with 1/1840 the mass of a proton.

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Element

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is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.

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Isotopes

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Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

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Compound

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is a substance formed by a chemical combination of two or more elements in definate porportins.

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Ionic bond

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is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

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Ions

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positively and negitively charged atoms

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Covalent bond

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formed when electromed are shared between atoms.

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Molecule

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is the smallest unit of most compounds.

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Van der waals forces

Back 28

a slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged reigons of nearby molecules.

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Cohesion

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is an attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesion

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is an attraction between molecules of diffirent substances.

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Mixture

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is a material composed of two or more elements or compunds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.

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Solution

Back 32

mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed.

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Solute

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the substance that is dissolved.

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Solvent

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the substance in which the solute dissolves in.

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Suspensions

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such mixture of water and non dissolved material.

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pH scale

Back 36

a measurement system that indicates the H+ ions in a solution.

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Acid

Back 37

is any compound that forms H+ ions in a solution. Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below zero.

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Base

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is a comund that produces hydroxide ions (-OH ions) in solution. Basic or alkaline solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7.

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Buffers

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are weak acids and bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.

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Monomers

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small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers.

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Polymers

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large compund formed by many combinations of many monomers.

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Carbohydrates

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are compunds made up of carbon,hydrgen,and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.

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Manosaccharides

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single sugar molecule.

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Polysaccharides

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large macrmolecule fromed by manosaccharides.

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Lipids

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are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. The common categories are fats, oils, and waxes.

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Nucleic acids

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are macromolecules containing hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

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Nucleotides

Back 47

monomer of nuclecic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphorus group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Ribonuclecic acid (RNA)

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single stranded nuclecic acid that contains the sugar ribose.

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Deoxyribosenuclecic acid (DNA)

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nuclecic acid that containes the sugar deoxyribose.

Front 50

Protiens

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are marcomolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Amino acids

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are compunds with an amino group (-NH2) at one end and a carboxy group (-COOH) on the other end.

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Chemical reaction

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is a process that changes or transformes one set of chemical into another.

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Reactants

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the elements or compunds that enter into a chemical reaction.

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Products

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the elements or comunds produced by a chemical reaction are.

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Activation energy

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the energy needed to get a reation started.

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Catalyst

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is a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reation.

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Substrates

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the reactants or enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

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Enzymes

Back 58

protiens that act as a biological catalyst.

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Cell

Back 59

collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that seperated the cell from its surroundings, basic units of all life.

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Cell theory

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idea that all lving things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

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Nucleus

Back 61

structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities.

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Eukaryote

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organism whose cell contain nuclei.

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Prokaryote

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unicellular organism lacking a nucleous.

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Organelle

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specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukariotic cell.

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Cytoplasm

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material inside the cell membrane, not includeing the nucleous of a cell.

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Nuclear envolope

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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleous of a cell.

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Chromatin

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granular material visable within the nucleous; consists of DNA tightly coiled around protiens.

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Chromosome

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thread like structure within the nucleous containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

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Nucleoulus

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small dense reigon within most nuclei in which the assembly of protiens begins.

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Ribosomes

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small particals in the cell in which protiens are assembled, made of RNA and protien.

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Endoplasmic Recticulum

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internal membrane system in cells which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some protiens are modified.

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Golgi apparatus

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srack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and ackages protiens from the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Lysosome

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cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.

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Vacuole

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cell organelle that sorts materials such as water, salts, and protiens and carbohydrates.

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Mitochandrian

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cell organelle that coverts the chemical energy stored in food into comonents that are convienient for the cell to use.

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Chloroplast

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organelle found on cells of plants and some other organisms that capture the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

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Cytoskeleton

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network of protien filiments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.

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Centriole

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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envolope.

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Cell membrane

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thin flexible barrier around a cell that, regulate what goes in and out of a cell.

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Cell wall

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strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant, alge, and some bacteria cells.

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Lipid bilayer

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doubled-layer sheet that forms the care of nearly all cell membranes.

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Concentration

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the mass of a solute in a given volume of soulition;or mass/volume.

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Diffusion

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process by which molecules tend to move from an area of where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated .

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Equilibrium

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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout the solution.

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water through aa effectivly premeable membrane.

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Isotonic

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When the concentration of two solutions is the same.

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Hypertonic

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When compareing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes.

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Hypotonic

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when comareing two solutions the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.

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Faciliated diffusion

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movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protien channels.

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Active transport

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energy reqireing process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration diffrence.

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Endocytosis

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process by which a cell takes in material into a cell by infolding of the cell membrane.

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Phagocytosis

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process by which extentions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particals and take them into the cell.

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Pintocytosis

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process by which a cell takes from the surrounding enviorment.

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Exocytosis

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process by which a cell realeases large amounts of material.

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Cell secialization

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the process by which cells develop in different ways to preform different tasks.

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Tissue

Back 96

group of simmilar cells that perform a aticular function.

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Organ

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a group of tissues that work together to preform closely related functions.

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Organ system

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group of organs that work together to preform a specific function.

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Autotroph

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any organism caaple of selfnurishment by takeing in organic materials as a sorce of nutrients useing photosyntheis or chromosynthesis as a sorce of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists.

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Herterotroph

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any organism that cannot sytheisze on its own food and is dependant on comlex organic structures for nutrition.

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occures in the muscle tissue; the major sorce of energy for cellular reactions.

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Mitosis

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part of eukaritic cell division durring which the cell nucleous divides.

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Cytokenises

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division of the cytoplasm durring cell division.

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Chromatid

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one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromsome.

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Centromere

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area where chromatids of a chromosome are attached.

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Interphase

Back 106

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions.

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Cell cycle

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series of events the cell goes through as they grow and divide.

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Prophase

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first and longest phase of mitosis, durring which the chromosomes become visable and the centrolies seperate and take up positions on opposite ples of the nucleus.

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Centriole

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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm in animal cells near the neuclear envolope.

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Spindle

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fan like micrtubial structures that helps seperate the chromosomes durring mitosis.

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Metaphase

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second phase of mitosis durring which the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

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Photosynthesis

Back 112

the synthesis of a comlex organic materials, esp. carbohydrates from carbon deoxide, water, and inorganic salts, useing sunlight as the sorce of energy and with the aid of chloropyll ans assositated with pigments.

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Pigment

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any substace whose presence in the tissues of cells of animals or plant colors them, helps plants collect sunlight.

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Chlorophyll

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the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occuring a bluish-black form.

Front 115

Thylakoid

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a flattened sack or verse lined with a pigmented mebrane that is the site of photosyntesis, in plants and alge occuring in intercannected stacks.

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Photosystem

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light collecting units of chloroplasts.

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Strama

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opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon doixide and oxygen to diffuse into and cut off the leaf

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NADP

Back 118

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

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light dependant reactions

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reactants of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

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ARP Synthase

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large protienthat uses energy from H+ ions to band ADP and phosphategroup together to form/ produce ATP.

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Calvin Cycle

Back 121

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to bandhigh energy sugars.

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Calorie

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an amount of needed energy to raise the tempurature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius. 100 calories= 1 Calorie.

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Glycosis

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first step in releasing energy in glucose,in which a molecle of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyuvric acid.

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Cellular Respiration

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process that realeses energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

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NAD+

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ele tron carrier involved in glucosis.

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Anaerobic

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process that does not require oxygen.

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Aerobic

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process that does require oxygen

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Krebs cycle

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second stage of cellular respirationin which pyuvic acid is broken down ino carbon dioxide in a series of energy- extracting reactings.

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Cell division

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process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.

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Gamete

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specialized- producing structure found in mold.

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Probability

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likey hood that a particular event will occur.

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Anaphase

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the third phase of mitosis, durring which the chromosomes pairs seperate more toward opposite poles.

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Telophase

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forth and final phase of mitosis, durring which the chromosomes begin to disburse into a tangle of dense material.

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Cyclin

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one of the family of closely related protiens that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

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Cancer

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disorder in which some of the bodies own cells lose the ability to control growth.

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Genetics

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scientific study of heredity.

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Fertilization

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process in sextual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.

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True-breeding

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term used to describe organisms that produced offspring identical to themselves if allowed to sef-pollunate.

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Trait

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specific characteristics that varies from one individual from another.

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Hybrid

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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

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Gene

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sequence of DNA that codes for a protien and thus determins a trait.

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Alliel

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one of a number of different forms of a gene.

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Segragation

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segragation of alliel durring gamette formation.

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Nucleotide

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monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Base-pairing

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princable that bonds in DNA can form only between adeninen and thymine and between guanine and cylosine.

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Chromatin

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grangular material visable within ; consists of DNA tightly coiled around protiens.

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Histone

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protiens molecule around which DNA is tightly coild up in chromatin.

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Replication

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copying process by which a cell duplicates is DNA.

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DNA polymerase

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enyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce DNA molecule.

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Gene

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sequence of DNA that codes for a protien and thus determins a triat.

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Messenger RNA

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RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of an inner acids into protiens from DNA to the rest of the cell.

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Punnet Square

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diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross.

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Homozygous

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Term used to refer to chromosomes from the opposite- sex parent.

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Heterozygous

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term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait.

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Phenctype

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physical characteristics of an organism.

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Gentype

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genetic makeup of an organism.

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Independant assertment

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independant segergation of genes durring the formation of gametes.

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Incomplete dominance

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situation in which an allele is not completely dominant over another.

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Codominance

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situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism.

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Multiple alleles

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Three or more alleles of the same gene.

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Polygenic traits

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trait controllred by two or more genes.

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Ribosomal RNA

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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.

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Transfer RNA

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type of RNA molecule transferrs amino acids to ribosomes durring protien synthesis.

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Transcription

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process part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into complementaery sequence in RNA.

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Anticodon

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group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complimentary to an mRNA codon.

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Mutation

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change in DNA sequence that affects genectic information.

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Point mutation

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gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.

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Frameshift mutation

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mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.

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Polyploidy

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condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

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Operon

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group of genes operating together.

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Operator

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reigon of chromosomes in an operon to which the repress or binds when the operon is "turned off".

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Differentiation

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process in which cells becme specialized in structure and function.

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Hox gene

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series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo.

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Selective breeding

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method of breeding that allows only these individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.

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Hybridization

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breeding techniqe that involves crossing dissimilar idividuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms.

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Plasmid

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small circular piece of DNA.

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Clone

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member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

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Karyotype

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photograph of chromosomes grouped in orderin pairs.

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Sex chromosomes

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one of two chromosomes that determine on indiviguals sex.

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Autosomes

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chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Petigree

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chart that shows the relationships within a family.

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Sex linked genes

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gene located on the x or y chromosome.

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Nondisjunction

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eror in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to seperate.

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Homogolous

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term used to refer to chramosomes that each have a carrospanding chromosome from the opposite sex parents.

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Diploid

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Term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of hamotogous chromosomes.

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Haploid

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Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosome and therefore only a single set of genes.

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Meiosis

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Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the sereration of hemologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

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Tretrad

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structure containing four chromatids during meiosis

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Crossing- over

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process in which hamologous chromosomes exchange partians of there chromatids durring meiosis.

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Gene map

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Diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosomes.

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Transformation

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process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bateria.

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Bacteriophage

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virus that infects bacteria.