Biology Of The Vertebrates

Front 1

Synapomorphy for Lissamphibia?

Back 1

poison glands and mucous glands that develop at metamorphosis

Front 2

Synapomorphy for Amniota?

Back 2

amniotic egg
loss of aquatic larval stage
lung ventilation by moving rib cage
penis with erectile tissue

Front 3

Synapomorphy for Sauropsida?

Back 3

B-keratin in scales and feathers

Front 4

Synapomorphy for Testinudines?

Back 4

shell
toothless
jaws covered by a horny beak
loss of some skull bones
jaw muscles have pulley-like trochlear process
shelf-like structure off the back of the skull

Front 5

Synapomorphy of Diapsida?

Back 5

skull structure: 2 holes

Front 6

Synapomorphy for Lepidosauria (Sphenodontida and Squamata)?

Back 6

tail autonomy

Front 7

Synapomorphy for Squamata?

Back 7

modification of diapsid skull
hemepenes

Front 8

Synapomorphy for Archosauria?

Back 8

key-hole shaped orbit
antorbital fenestra
mandibular fenestra
laterally compressed teeth
flexible ankles
4th trochanter to retract thigh

Front 9

Synapomorphy for Crurotarsi (Crocodylia)?

Back 9

secondary palate

Front 10

Synapomorphy for Ornithodirans?

Back 10

rotation of limbs under body
bipedalism

Front 11

Synapomorphy for Pterosauria?

Back 11

hand has 3 short fingers and 1 long finger
new bone (pteroid) in wrist

Front 12

Synapomorphy for Dinosauria?

Back 12

forelimbs < half the length of hindlimbs
legs carried completely under body
changes in shape of pelvis associated with bipedalism
s-shaped neck

Front 13

Synapomorphy of Ornithischian?

Back 13

cheeks
reduced antorbital fenestra
tip of snout is rough and toothless
jaw joing below level of upper tooth row
coronoid process for greater crushing force
herbivores

Front 14

Synapomorphy of Saurischia?

Back 14

hip-pubis facing forward
further elongation of the neck
modifications of the vertebral articulations

Front 15

Synapomorphy of Aves?

Back 15

toothless beak
tail bones reduced to a stub (pygostyle)
fusion of hand elements
feathers

Front 16

Synapomorphy for Sauropodomorpha?

Back 16

herbivores
big
many secondarily quadripedal

Front 17

Synapomorphy for Therapod?

Back 17

carnivores
laterally flattened teeth
hollow long bones

Front 18

Amphibian Ancestral Life Cycle

Back 18

eggs -> aquatic larvae -> metamorphosis -> adult terrestrial

Front 19

Salamander metamorphosis

Back 19

external gills are lost in adults
adults gain skin glands
takes weeks to months

Front 20

Frog metamorphosis

Back 20

can't eat during meta.
occurs quickly - within days
vulnerable to predation

Front 21

Amphibian ways to lose metamorphosis

Back 21

1. direct development: loss of aquatic larval stage
2. paedomorphosis: reproductively mature as larvae

Front 22

Components of amniotic egg

Back 22

hard or leathery shell
embryonic gas exchange
chorion
amnion
allantois
water retention to protect against drying out

Front 23

Thermoregulation: sources vs. stability

Back 23

Sources: endothermy and exothermy
Stability: poikilothermy and homeothermy

Front 24

Challenges of desert living

Back 24

1. temp regulation
2. water balance
3. locomotion
4. patchy resources

Front 25

Functions of forked tongue in snakes and some lizards

Back 25

chemosensory (combined with Jacob's organ)
sense of direction
not used to catch prey

Front 26

Vomeronasal organ in snakes

Back 26

Jacob's organ
connected to mouth and brain directly

Front 27

Types of lizards with forked tongues

Back 27

1. Monitor lizard (Komodo dragon)
2. Gila monsters

Front 28

Types of snake feedings

Back 28

1. constriction
2. venom
3. bite by bite (atypical)

Front 29

Elapids

Back 29

coral snakes and cobras

Front 30

Viperids

Back 30

rattlesnakes

Front 31

Mechanism of Envenomation

Back 31

1. venom stored in glad in upper jaw
2. fangs - hollow injection devices
3. muscles inject venom
4. may also be used in digestion

Front 32

Components of venom

Back 32

proteolytic enzymes
hyaluronidase
L-amino acid oxidase
phospholipases
phosphatases
basic polypeptides

Front 33

Ancestral skull condition

Back 33

anapsid

Front 34

Turtle shell components

Back 34

top shell: carapace
flat bottom: plastron
bone connecting the 2: bridge
each piece of shell: scute

Front 35

Turtle ribs (characteristics)

Back 35

fused to carapace
outside shoulder and hips

Front 36

Proganochelys

Back 36

turtle fossil
exactly the same as modern turtles
no intermediate

Front 37

Turtle fossil that is exactly the same as modern turtles

Back 37

Proganochelys

Front 38

2 types of living turtles

Back 38

Cryptodira
Pleurodira

Front 39

Cryptodira neck movement

Back 39

s-shaped retraction

Front 40

Pleurodira neck movement

Back 40

sideways bending

Front 41

How do turtles breathe? (2 ways)

Back 41

1. muscles and membranes at front and rear of the shell raise and lower internal organs to pump air
2. cloacal breathing if under water

Front 42

Terrestrial turtles vs. Aquatic turtles

Back 42

Terrestrial: shells are high, domed shaped
claws for digging
Aquatic: shells are flat, streamlined
feet webbed or modified flippers

Front 43

Turtle sex determination

Back 43

temperature-based
colder temps are more likely to be male

Front 44

Characteristics of turtles reproductive lifestyle

Back 44

long lived
slow to reproduce
all oviparous
no parental care of young

Front 45

3 extant types of crocodylians

Back 45

1. Alligatoridae
2. Crocodylidae
3. Gavialidae

Front 46

Alligator vs. Crocodile

Back 46

Alligator: long, broad snout
upper jaw wider than lower jaw
Crocodile: narrow snout
closed jaw fits together

Front 47

Characteristics of Crocodylians

Back 47

dermal armor
semi-aquatic
laterally flattened tail
secondarily aquatic
flexible ankles
ectothermic
ductus arteriosus
largely tropical or subtropical
oviparous
provide parental care

Front 48

How do crocodiles hatch?

Back 48

"egg tooth" on nose

Front 49

1st vertebrate with ability to fly?

Back 49

Pterosaurs

Front 50

Pterosaur adaptations to flight?

Back 50

hollow bones
big sternum
enlarged flocculus

Front 51

2 types of Pterosaurs

Back 51

Pterodactyloid (tail-less)
Rhamphorhynchoid (long tail with expanded portion)

Front 52

What made Pterosaurs successful?

Back 52

1. morphologically and ecologically diverse (due to diet variations)
2. persisted from Late Triassic to Cretaceous ~150 my

Front 53

Ankylosaurus

Back 53

Ornithiscian
osteoderms (bones in skin) make defensive plates and spikes

Front 54

Iguanodon

Back 54

Ornithiscian
bipedal to run - quadripedal most of time

Front 55

Hadrosaurs

Back 55

Ornithiscian
"duck-billed" dinosaurs
tooth plates

Front 56

Triceratops

Back 56

Ornithiscian
enlarged skull at back of head
beak like a parakeet

Front 57

Pachycephalosaurs

Back 57

Ornithiscian
bipedal
giant, bony dome on top of head

Front 58

Sauropodomorpha (Saurischian)

Back 58

herbivorous
biggest terrestrial animal to ever live

Front 59

Plateosaurus

Back 59

Saurischian - Sauropod dinosaur
leaf-shaped, serrated teeth
gastroliths in gizzard helped grind food

Front 60

Camarasaurus

Back 60

Saurischian - Sauropod dinosaur
front and back legs nearly equal
short skull
skull has lots of holes

Front 61

Diplodocus

Back 61

Saurischian - Sauropod dinosaur
longest necks
somewhat homeothermic

Front 62

Social behavior of dinosaurs

Back 62

eggs in a nest-like place: breeding grounds, possibly colonial
Sauropod embryos had lizard-like skin

Front 63

Lineage that led to modern birds

Back 63

Therapods

Front 64

3 major groups of Therapods

Back 64

1. Tyrannosaurids
2. Ornithomimids
3. Maniraptorans

Front 65

Tyrannosaurus

Back 65

Saurischian - Therapod - Tyrannosaurid
possibly a scavenger
giant, big-headed

Front 66

Struthiomimus

Back 66

Saurischian - Therapod dinosaur - Ornithomimid

Front 67

Deinonychus

Back 67

Saurischian - Therapod dinosaur - Maniraptoran
size of a dog
swiveling hands and shoulders
claws penetrated and stuck in prey

Front 68

Oviraptor

Back 68

Saurischian - Therapod dinosaur - Maniraptoran
skeleton found wrapped over eggs
possibly endothermic

Front 69

How do we know birds evolved from reptiles?

Back 69

1. lower jaw is several bones, fused
2. single middle ear vs. 3 in mammals
3. schlerotic eye ring
4. single occipital condyle
5. nucleated RBCs
6. scales on legs similar to reptile body scales

Front 70

Archaeopteryx

Back 70

intermediate between dinosaurs and modern birds
no beak
claws on wing
therapod dinosaur with feathers virtually identical to those on modern birds

Front 71

Name some important similarities among dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx, and modern birds

Back 71

1. features of the skull
2. elongate s-shaped neck
3. fused clavicle and sternum
4. fusion of pelvic elements to the vertebrae
5. forelimbs elongated through elongation of digits
6. bipedalism
7. tridactyl foot
8. digitigrade walkers
9. pneumatic bones
10. highly mobile wrists
11. rotatable shoulder joints

Front 72

3 Chinese fossils

Back 72

1. Sinosauropteryx
2. Caudipteryx
3. Microraptor gui

Front 73

Signficance of the Chinese Fossils

Back 73

1. dinosaurs with primitive and more advanced feathers
2. birds are only modern animals with feathers, so it is unlikey they descended from any other lineage
3. Chinese fossils are so old that it is likely that ALL therapod dinosaurs had some sort of feathering

Front 74

Dilong paradoxus

Back 74

feathered Tyrannosaurid

Front 75

2 theories of flight

Back 75

1. Arborial "trees down"
2. Cursorial "ground up"

Front 76

Arboreal theory

Back 76

squirrel-like lifestyle
jumping from tree to tree led to selection for gliding
gliding led to flapping
*young Hoatzins act this way

Front 77

Cursorial theory

Back 77

terrestrial predators running and grabbing prey with forearms

Front 78

WAIR

Back 78

wing-assisted incline running

Front 79

Wing-assisted incline running

Back 79

quails independent at birth
use of proto wings may have assisted birds in scaling trees
wing angle changes with change in steepness of incline

Front 80

WAIR significance

Back 80

1. compelling alternative explanation for the evolution of flight
2. demonstration of an advantage associated with small increases in forelimb area

Front 81

Ornithurae

Back 81

lineage that gave rise to modern birds

Front 82

Ichthyornis

Back 82

Ornithurae
still had teeth
large keeled sternum

Front 83

Neornithes

Back 83

modern birds

Front 84

When did modern birds arise?

Back 84

60 million years ago

Front 85

When did most diversification of birds occur?

Back 85

Tertiary period

Front 86

2 of the first modern birds

Back 86

Bullockornis ("Demon duck of Doom")
Diatryma

Front 87

Important question about bird evolution

Back 87

endothermy

Front 88

Why is food central to avian biology?

Back 88

birds must eat very frequently (often every few seconds)
high species diversity due to high diversity in beak forms

Front 89

Sources of Feeding Diversity

Back 89

access to every kind of habitat
elimination of teeth
rhamphotheca relatively easily modified

Front 90

Rhamphotheca

Back 90

keratin sheath over jaw beaks

Front 91

Bird bills size and shape can vary with:

Back 91

age
sex
season
species
food supply

Front 92

Major food processing techniques in birds

Back 92

cranioinertial feeding
lingual transport
filter feeding

Front 93

Unusual behaviors in birds

Back 93

food caching (storing food)
tool use

Front 94

Types of tools birds use

Back 94

break eggs with rocks
sticks to pick up grubs
drop nuts over streets

Front 95

Mating systems are influenced by:

Back 95

an evolutionary commitment to internal fertilization, heterogamy, high body temps, and big helpless offspring

Front 96

Types of mating systems

Back 96

monogamy
polygamy:
polygyny
polyandry
polygynandry
promiscuity

Front 97

Types of monogamy

Back 97

1. social monogamy - cheating
2. long-term pair bonds

Front 98

Types of chick hatchlings

Back 98

1. precocial-fully functioning
2. altricial-completely helpless

Front 99

What influences the type of polygamy?

Back 99

1. eggs are expensive, sperm is cheap
2. males are never 100% sure of paternity
3. egg laying is slow
4. sex ratio

Front 100

Expenses of parental care

Back 100

energetics
mortality
lost opportunities for additional reproduction

Front 101

2 groups of Neornithes

Back 101

Paleognathae
Neognathae

Front 102

2 groups of Neognathae

Back 102

Galloanserae
Neoaves

Front 103

Polygamy Threshold Model

Back 103

bird will always pick the highest quality territory she can get into

Front 104

Female Bird Reproductive System

Back 104

1 oviduct and 1 ovary
Fertlization just past ovary
Shell is last thing to be added

Front 105

How do birds eggs last in shipping?

Back 105

cleidoic - hard calcerous shell

Front 106

Advantage of a cleidoic egg?

Back 106

protection

Front 107

Bird eggs are variable in what ways?

Back 107

size
shape
color
texture