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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 different hypotheses to why we sleep?
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1. Ecological : quiet time to avoid predation
2. Metabolic: reduces energy expenditure 3. Learning: Memory consolidation or erasure |
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EEG is a non-invasive method of measuring activity of _______in a particular area
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neurons
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What is the advantage of an EEG
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Simplicity
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What is the disadvantage of an EEG
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Poor spatial resolution
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Unsynchronised neural activity - low amplitude with high frequency suggest the subject is (awake/asleep)
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Awake
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Synchronised neural activity - higher amplitude with lower frequency suggest the subject is (awake/asleep)
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Asleep
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If the frequency of an EEG shows 8 - 13Hz this is an ____ brain wave
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Alpha
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If the frequency of an EEG shows 14 - 60Hz this is an ____ brain wave
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Beta
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If the frequency of an EEG shows 4 - 7Hz this is an ____ brain wave
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Theta
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If the frequency of an EEG shows <4Hz this is an ____ brain wave
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Delta
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Alpha activity is associated with what activiy
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Awake, eyes closed
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Beta activity is associated with what activiy
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Mental activity, attention
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Theta activity is associated with what activiy
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Drowsiness, sleep
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Delta activity is associated with what activiy
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Drowsiness, sleep
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How many stages of sleep are there?
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4
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As stage progresses the frequency (increase/decrease) and amplitude (increase/decrease)
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decrease
increase |
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What is the brain wave during the awake phase?
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Beta
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What is the brain wave during stages I - III
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Theta waves
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Which sleep stage are sleep spindles produced?
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Stage II
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Which stage is delta waves produced?
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Stage IV
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During non-REM sleep physiological functions such as muscle tone, heart rate and temp (increase/decrease)
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decrease
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What stage is REM sleep most similar to?
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Awake stage
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During REM sleep physiological functions such as muscle tone, heart rate and temp (increase/decrease)
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increase
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Lower _______ neurons in spinal cord are inhibited cause paralysis of large muscle groups
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motor
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Incoming sensory stimuli are
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blocked
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how long do subjects remain in REM sleep?
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10 mins
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What tends to occur mostly during REM sleep?
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dreams
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REM sleep does not change through development (true/false)
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False
Babies spend 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep 35% for 2 year old infants and 25% from 10 years old through adult life |
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Brain stem _______ seen to cause sleep and coma
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lesions
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Stimulation of ______ brainstem areas alter cotical EEG from non-REM to alert/awake form
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midline
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Cholinergic neurons in pons and midbrain border have high activity when? and inactivity when?
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High activity during waking and REM sleep and inactivity during non-REM sleep
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Which 3 neural systems are all activated during wakefulness?
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Noradrenaline
Serotonin (5-HT) Histamine |
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What modulates interactions between the thalamus and cortex?
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the brainstem
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What are the 2 stages the thalamus can be in?
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Oscillatory state- during slow wave sleep
Active state - during 'wakefulness' |
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What are the two organs central for homeostatic circadian control?
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Hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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what organ produces sleep-promoting melatonin
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Pineal gland
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What organ are photoreceptors for detecting changes in light levels?
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Retinal ganglion cells
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small paired nuclei in the....
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Anterior hypothalamus
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Input comes from the ______ _______ cells
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retinal ganglion cells
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SCN projects via spinal cord to _______
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pineal gland
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what organ produces sleep-promoting melatonin
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Pineal gland
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What organ are photoreceptors for detecting changes in light levels?
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Retinal ganglion cells
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small paired nuclei in the....
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Anterior hypothalamus
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Input comes from the ______ _______ cells
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retinal ganglion cells
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SCN projects via spinal cord to _______
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pineal gland
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Where is melatonin released from?
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The pineal gland
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Production of melatonin peaks at around what time?
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2 - 4 am
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Name the 3 sleep disorder
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Insomnia - insufficient sleep
Somnolence - excessive sleep Parasomnia - abnormal behaviour during or from sleep |
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Name 5 Sleep related movement disorder
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Periodic limb movement disorder
Restless legs Bruxism Head banging Cramps |
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Name 4 circadian rhythm sleep disorder
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Delayed phase
Advanced phase Irregular sleep wake type Shift work and jet lag |
