Biology Of The Mind - Motor System

Front 1

Which 2 organs sends signals to the descending systems (upper motor neurons)

Back 1

Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

Front 2

What is involved in gating proper initation of movement? (Basal Ganglia/Cerebellum)

Back 2

Basal Ganglia

Front 3

What is involved in sensory motor co-ordinationt? (Basal Ganglia/Cerebellum)

Back 3

Cerebellum

Front 4

What are the 2 distict system in the descending systems?

Back 4

Motor cortex
Brainstem centers

Front 5

What is involved in planning, initating and directing voluntary movement? (Motor Cortex/Brainstem centers)

Back 5

Motor cortex

Front 6

What is involved in basic movement and postural control? (Motor Cortex/Brainstem centers)

Back 6

Brainstem centers

Front 7

Where is the motor cortex located?

Back 7

In the brodmann's area 4 and 6

Front 8

The primary motor cortex is located in the ....

Back 8

precentral gyrus

Front 9

The _________ lobe is responsible for planning and initating voluntary movement

Back 9

frontal

Front 10

The ________ cells in cortical layer V are the upper motor neurons

Back 10

pyramidal cells

Front 11

In the motor cortex axons descend in corticobulbar and ___________________ tracks to spinal cord

Back 11

corticospinal tracts

Front 12

Motor control comes from the ________ and __________

Back 12

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Front 13

Cerebellum is involved in (co-ordination of movement/selection and initiation of voluntary movement)

Back 13

co-ordination of movement

Front 14

Basal Ganglia is involved in (co-ordination of movement/selection and initiation of voluntary movement)

Back 14

selection and initiation of voluntary movement

Front 15

Both the cerebellum and basal ganglia functions to.... (2)

Back 15

Improve accuracy of movement

Front 16

Cerebellar input to get to the middle cerebellar peduncle the signal has to pass through 2 sections of the brain

Back 16

Frontal motor/Parietal cortex
Pon

Front 17

Cerebellar input to get to the inferior cerebellar peduncle the signal has comes from 3 sections of the brain

Back 17

Inferior olive/spinal cord/ vestibular nuclei

Front 18

Cerebellar outputs to the superior cerebellar peduncle from the deep cerebellar nuclei relays its signals to... (2)

Back 18

Ventrolateral nucleus
Primary motor and premotor cortex

Front 19

What is the sensory apparatus of muscle?

Back 19

muscle spindle

Front 20

What does the muscle spindles detect changes in?

Back 20

muscle length

Front 21

The muscle spindle contributes to the detection of position and movement of body in space known as..

Back 21

proprioception

Front 22

What are the 2 main classes of muscle spindle?

Back 22

Bag and chain

Front 23

(Chain/Bag) is innervated by Ia and II afferent fibres and fire as long as the muscle is stretched

Back 23

Chain

Front 24

(Chain/Bag) is innervated by Ia afferent fibres, rates of firing changes during a strech

Back 24

Bag

Front 25

Extrafusal fibres receieve their motor innervation from (alpha/gamma) motor neurons

Back 25

alpha

Front 26

Intrafusal fibres (spindles) have a sensory function and do not generate _______

Back 26

tension

Front 27

Intrafusal fibers receive their motor inneration from (alpha/gamma) motor neurons

Back 27

gamma

Front 28

The golgi tendon organ is a _____________receptor

Back 28

mechanoreceptor

Front 29

The golgi tendon organ detect changes in muscle ______ as when the muscle contracts the force acts directly on the tendon

Back 29

tension

Front 30

The golgi tendon organ is innervated by (Ia/Ib/2a/2b) afferents

Back 30

Ib

Front 31

Name the 5 distinct function nuclei

Back 31

Substantia nigra
Corpus striatum
Globus pallidus
Sub-thalamic nucleus
Ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus

Front 32

The vestibular labyrith shares a common border with the _______

Back 32

cochlea

Front 33

The utricle saccute and semicircular canals contain systems that respond to changes in....

Back 33

the orientation of the head

Front 34

Signals to the vestibular system is integrated via both the (3 structures)

Back 34

Cortex
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

Front 35

95% of axons involved in muscle control is in the (lateral/ventral) corticospinal tract

Back 35

lateral

Front 36

5% of axons involved in muscle control is in the (lateral/ventral) corticospinal tract

Back 36

ventral

Front 37

The lower motor neurons are localized within lamina __ of the ventral(anterior) horn

Back 37

IX

Front 38

The motor neurons' efferent axons exit the spinal cord via the ______ root and _______ nerve

Back 38

ventral
spinal

Front 39

(alpha/beta) motor neurons are directly responsible for the generation of force by muscle

Back 39

alpha

Front 40

The lower motor neurons are divided into 2 categories

Back 40

alpha and gamma motor neurons

Front 41

The (alpha/gamma) motor neurons are directly responsible for muscle contraction

Back 41

alpha

Front 42

The (alpha/gamma) motor neurons are innervate muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Back 42

gamma

Front 43

Alpha motor neurons' cell body is located in the (dorsal/ventral) horn of the spinal cord

Back 43

ventral

Front 44

(slow fibers/fast fatigable motor units) has small alpha neurons innervating few muscle fibers that are red and have high levels of mitochondria

Back 44

slow fibers

Front 45

(slow fibers/fast fatigable motor units) has larger alpha neurons innervating and stimulates multiple fibres that are pale and have dispersed mitochondria

Back 45

fast fatigable motor unit