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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relatedness of both extant and extinct organisms is called _____.
A. taxonomy B. evolution C. binomial nomenclature D. phylogeny E. systematics |
E. systematics
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What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy?
A. genetics B. the history of the field of biology C. the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences D. the environment E. evolution |
C. the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences
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The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its _____.
A. body plan and habitat B. order and family C. family and species D. evolutionary history E. genus and species |
E. genus and species
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The two-part format of the scientific name, referred to as binomial, ensures that _____.
A. each species has a name that is understandable regardless of language barriers among scientists B. each species is assigned a unique name C. systematists can easily specify the closest relatives of any species D. All of the listed responses are correct. E. None of the listed responses is correct. |
D. All of the listed responses are correct.
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Which of the following is the correct taxonomic name for the African forest elephant?
A. Loxodonta cyclotis (all italicized) B. Loxodonta Cyclotis (all italicized) C. Loxodonta Cyclotis (first name italicized) D. Loxodonta cyclotis E. loxodonta cyclotis (all italicized) |
A. Loxodonta cyclotis (all italicized)
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A taxon _____.
A. is a formal grouping at any given level B. is a species C. of one type of organism at one level is comparable to another type of organism at the same level D. is a clade E. is a formal grouping in any level from phylum to species |
A. is a formal grouping at any given level
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Rabbits and guinea pigs both belong to Class Mammalia. This means they must also both belong to _____.
A. order Rodentia B. phylum Chordata C. genus Cavia D. family Caviidae E. All of the listed responses are correct. |
B. phylum Chordata
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Species A and species B are in the same phylum. Species A and species C, but not species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that _____.
A. species B and species C share a less recent ancestor than do species A and B B. all three species are not members of the same phylum C. all three species are members of the same genus D. species C could be in the same class as species A and B E. species A and species B are in the same family |
D. species C could be in the same class as species A and B
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What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?
A. A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor. B. A branch point represents a split between two phyla. C. A branch point represents a place where one species branches off from another. D. A branch point represents the absolute time at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor. E. A branch point represents a gene duplication event. |
A. A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.
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Which of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently?
A. comparing behavioral patterns B. comparing morphology (shape and structure) C. comparing embryonic development D. comparing physiology (the functioning of structures and systems) E. comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids |
E. comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids
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The wings of a hummingbird and a bee are _____.
A. binomial B. taxonomic C. homologous D. analogous E. phylogenetic |
D. analogous
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Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?
A. homologous structures B. a comparison of DNA base sequences C. amino acid sequences of proteins D. analogous structures E. fossils |
D. analogous structures
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Researchers can use molecular homologies to _____.
A. hypothesize about the morphological structures of a common ancestor B. reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor C. hypothesize about the behavior of a common ancestor D. estimate how long ago the common ancestor lived E. All of the listed responses are correct. |
B. reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor
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A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?
A. characteristics shared by all bird families B. analogous structures shared by various species C. relative ages of living species of birds D. evolutionary relationships among bird families E. families that look most alike |
D. evolutionary relationships among bird families
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Looking at the table and phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.11, which of the following is a true statement?
A. Hinged jaws are derived from lampreys. B. Four walking legs is a shared derived character in salamanders and a shared ancestral character in turtles. C. Four walking legs is a shared ancestral character in salamanders and a shared derived character in turtles. D. The amniotic egg is a derived character in salamanders. E. Four walking legs is a derived character in leopards. |
B. Four walking legs is a shared derived character in salamanders and a shared ancestral character in turtles.
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Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should not be placed in the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is _____.
A. heterophyletic B. polyphyletic C. monophyletic D. paraphyletic E. None of the listed responses is correct |
B. polyphyletic
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Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the least useful for this purpose?
A. the fact that teeth vary among types of mammals B. data about skull bones C. descriptions of various types of limbs (wings, legs, flippers, etc.) D. the fact that all mammals have hair E. DNA base sequences |
D. the fact that all mammals have hair
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Which statement below is true about an out group?
A. The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than they are to each other. B. The outgroup would be found at one of the highest branches of a phylogenetic tree. C. The outgroup and ingroup display a mixture of shared and derived characters. D. Outgroup comparison is based on the assumption that homologies present in both the outgroup and ingroup must be derived characters. E. None of the listed responses is correct. |
A. The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than they are to each other.
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Unlike a regular phylogenetic tree, phylogenetic trees with branch lengths proportional to time can be used to _____.
A. reflect the number of evolutionary changes that have taken place in a lineage B. reflect the rate of evolutionary change C. tie polyphyletic clades to a common ancestor D. represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor E. hypothesize the relative relatedness between different taxa |
D. represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor
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Which statement below is true of parsimonious trees?
A. The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters. B. The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared ancestral characters. C. Given the rules of how morphological traits change over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. D. Trees can be constructed that are parsimonious or the most likely, but not both at the same time. E. Given the rules of how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. |
A. The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters.
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Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?
A. The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious. B. This represents a problem with the principle of parsimony, rather than a problem with the analogy-homology issue. C. The most likely tree is always the most parsimonious. D. It shows that the common ancestor of birds and mammals must have had a four-chambered heart. E. None of the listed responses is correct. |
A. The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.
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If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?
A. mtDNA B. rRNA C. mRNA D. tRNA E. nuclear DNA miRNA |
A. mtDNA
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Paralogous genes _____.
A. result from gene duplication B. are passed from generation to generation in a straight line C. are responsible for the differences in beta hemoglobin in humans and mice D. cannot diverge in the same gene pool E. can only diverge after speciation has taken place |
A. result from gene duplication
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What is the evolutionary significance of paralogous genes?
A. They increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics. B. The fact that many paralogous genes are found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms. C. They give the absolute time that two species diverged. D. They give the absolute time that the gene duplication occurred. E. None of the listed responses is correct. |
A. They increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics.
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What is the evolutionary significance of orthologous genes?
A. They increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics. B. They are passed from generation to generation in a straight line, and as such they change very little. C. They always provide the evolutionary explanation with the maximum parsimony. D. The high percentage of orthologous genes found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms. E. All of the listed responses are correct. |
D. The high percentage of orthologous genes found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms.
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Which of the following best summarizes the neutral theory?
A. If a particular sequence of amino acids is critical for survival, most new mutations will be harmful and fewer will be neutral. These genes will change slowly over time. B. Differences in the rate of the clock in different genes are a function of how important each gene is. C. Most harmful mutations are removed from a population quickly. D. Darwinian selection does not influence a lot of evolutionary change in genes and proteins because many of these changes do not affect fitness. E. Most mutations lead to dramatic changes in the evolution of a species. |
D. Darwinian selection does not influence a lot of evolutionary change in genes and proteins because many of these changes do not affect fitness.
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The idea of using molecules as clocks to time evolutionary events is very attractive, but there are many problems in actually applying the technique. What seems to be the best way to get reliable results?
A. It is important to use a gene that has been affected by natural selection to ensure that evolution will be observed. B. It is important to use one gene in which the changes are clearly neutral. C. It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out. D. It is best to use a gene that is essential to survival because they change more slowly. E. All of the listed responses are correct. |
C. It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out.
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By applying a molecular clock, researchers have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the _____.
A. 1890s B. 1830s C. 1950s D. 1930s E. 1980s |
D. 1930s
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To which domain is the domain Eukarya (the domain to which humans belong) most closely related?
A. Protista B. Archaea D. Bacteria E. Fungi F. It is not clear whether eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria or archaea. |
F. It is not clear whether eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria or archaea.
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Universal phylogenetic trees built from different genes sometimes give inconsistent results. What basic assumption on which phylogenetic trees are based has probably been violated during the history of life?
A. Analogous traits come about because of convergent evolution. B. Genes are often passed from one organism to another without the occurrence of reproduction. C. Genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next. D. Homologous traits come about because of common ancestry. E. The greater the difference in gene sequences, the longer two species have diverged. |
C. Genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next
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