Biology Of Organisms Chapter 22 Outline

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

Continuous genetic adaptions of organisms to their environment over time (descent with modification)
-Only populations evolve, not individuals

Front 2

Natural selection

Back 2

Biological process that encourages the passage of beneficial genes to future generations while discouraging the passage of harmful genes
-Mechanism of evolution

Front 3

Resistance to the Idea of Evolution

Back 3

Contrasted sharply with traditional beliefs:
a) Earth was only 5,000-6,000 years old
b) Life forms remained unchanged

Front 4

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 4

(1707-1778): devised a system for classifying the diversity of life

Front 5

Taxonomy

Back 5

Branch of biology dedicated to naming and classifying organisms

Front 6

Binomial nomenclature:

Back 6

two name naming system

Front 7

Paleontology

Back 7

study of fossils

Front 8

Fossils

Back 8

remains or traces of organisms from the past

Front 9

Uniformitarianism

Back 9

Situation in which natural processes operating in the past are the same as those mechanisms observed operating today.
Example: Erosion

Front 10

Punctuated equilibrium

Back 10

Profound changes that occur in sports between which are long periods of little or no evolutionary changes

Front 11

Gradualism

Back 11

Profound changes occur through the cumulative effect of slow, but continuous processes

Front 12

Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution – Two Major Points:

Back 12

1. Use & Disuse: body parts greatly used become bigger and stronger, body parts unused deteriorate
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: Characteristics developed by a person during their life are passed on to their offspring
3. Flaw: Acquired characteristics are not inherited, but acquired after birth

Front 13

Adaptations

Back 13

accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments

Front 14

C. Adaptive radiation

Back 14

Specific pattern in which there is a rapid increase in the number of closely related species from a common ancestor
a. Example: Darwin Finches

Front 15

Darwin’s Origin of Species

Back 15

B. Descent with Modification:
1. All organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor
2. As descendants spilled over into various habitats over millions of years, they adapted to fit into specific ways of life

Front 16

Branching

Back 16

represents diversity of living organisms

Front 17

Forks

Back 17

represents ancestors for all organisms that branches from that point

Front 18

Closely related organisms

Back 18

will share similar characteristics being

Front 19

Most branches

Back 19

of evolution are dead ends 99% of all species that ever existed are extinct

Front 20

Dead ends

Back 20

result in missing links between relatives

Front 21

Artificial selection

Back 21

selective breeding of domestic plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

Front 22

Darwin’s Four Observations of Nature

Back 22

1. Members of a population vary greatly in traits
2. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring
3. All species are capable of producing excess offspring
4. Due to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive

Front 23

Excess reproduction

Back 23

High natality (birth rate) offsets high mortality, maintaining a relatively constant population

Front 24

In Support of Evolution

Back 24

A. Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change: Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Example: MRSA
B. Fossil Record: Evolutionary transitions tend to leave evidence in the fossil record
Example: Whales
C. Homologous Structures
D. Homologous embryos
E. Homology in Tetrapod evolution

Front 25

homology

Back 25

morphological similarity resulting from a common ancestor

Front 26

3. Vestigial organs

Back 26

structures of little or no importance to an organism; remnants of structures that served important functions in the organisms ancestor
a. Example: Whales pelvis

Front 27

Biogeography

Back 27

the geographic distribution of species

Front 28

Convergent evolution

Back 28

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Front 29

Analogy

Back 29

Morphological similarities resulting from convergent evolution.
Example: marsupials vs. eutherians

Front 30

Use & Disuse

Back 30

body parts greatly used become bigger and stronger, body parts unused deteriorate

Front 31

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Back 31

Characteristics developed by a person during their life are passed on to their offspring
FALSE

Front 32

Flaw

Back 32

Acquired characteristics are not inherited, but acquired after birth

Front 33

Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change

Back 33

Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Example: MRSA

Front 34

Fossil Record

Back 34

Evolutionary transitions tend to leave evidence in the fossil record
Example: Whales