• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/70

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
List the first of seven features that characterize life.
a. molecules of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
List the second of seven features that characterize life.
composed of cells (smallest unit of life)
LIst the third feature that characterizes life.
living things reproduce sexually or asexually.
LIst the fourth feature that characterizes life.
Need energy for metabolism.
LIst the fifth feature that characterizes life.
Living things respond to stimuli.
LIst the sixth feature that characterizes life.
LIving things maintain homeostasis.
LIst the seventh feature that characterizes life.
Living organisms adapt and evolve.
Distinguish between a population, a community, an ecosystem, and the biosphere.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live and reproduce together.
A community is all the populations that interact and share an area.
An ecosystem includes the comunity and physical environment.
The biosphere is where life is found on earth (land, air and sea)
What is a hypothesis and how does it differ from a theory?
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon that can be tested by experimentation.
A theory is different in that it is broad-ranging explanation for a phenomenon where there is much evidence to support the explanation from both experimentation and discovery.
Define a controlled experiment.
A controlled experiment is an experiment that has two groups. One is the control group, the other is the experimental group. Each group is treated in the same manner except for the variable manipulated in the experiment. The control group is not treated/manipulated and the experimental group is treated/manipulated.
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane, bound organelles, or DNA. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, have membrane bound organelles, and the DNA is bound in a membrane called the nucleus.
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane composed of a phospho lipid bilayer embedded with proteins that can span the bilayer and carbohydrates that are found on the surface.
List five functions of a plasma membrane.
1. Maintain structural integrity.
2. Regulate movement of substances in or out of cell.
3. Cell to cell recognition by glyco proteins.
4. Cell to cell communication.
5. Cell adhesion to other cells.
What is difference between simple and facilitated diffusion? Give examples of each.
Simple diffusion is movement of substances from region of high concentration to region of lower concentration. Oxygen crosses cell membrane by simple diffusion.
Molecules of glucose require facilitated diffusion where the movement of a molecule is from a region of high to low concentration with the aid of a membrane carrier protein.
What are main features of active transport?
Active transport requires ATP to pump molecules against their concentration gradient. It pumps molecules from where they are in low concentration to where they are in high concentration.
Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis and exocytosis use a portion of the cell membrane to encircle the substance/molecule. Entering is endocytosis, exiting is exocytosis.
List two functions of lysosomes
Lysosomes function in breaking down foreign invaders and macromolecules in the cell and ridding the cell of old parts.
What is the basic function of cellular respiration? Where does it occur? What are the major stages?
Basic function is provide ETP enery for cell by breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Major stages are glycolysis (splits sugars) citric acid cycle (which loads up electron carriers) and the electron transport chain (uses an enzyme to make lots of ETP).
What are the four types of tissue found in the human body?
The four types of human tissue are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Contrast the function of epithelial and connective tissues.
Epithelial tissue has tightly packed cells that make good linings for organs such as the skin and stomach lining, or body cavities. Connective tissue cells secrete a matrix that is found between the cells. The type of matrix dictates the function of the connective tissue. For example, the liquid matrix of blood (plasma) allows for the tissue to flow while the rigid matrix of bone allows for structural support in the body.
Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle with respect to structure and function.
a. Skeletal muscle is composed of long cylinder-shaped cells with many nuclei and mitochondrion (for energy). It is called striated muscle because of the visible striations of actin and myosin filaments. Muscle tissue is usually attached to bone and has the ability to contract voluntarily.
b. Cardiac muscle is composed of cells with only one nucleus that have striations and branch. They are found only in the heart and contract involuntarily continuously.
c. Smooth muscle is composed of tapered cells with only one nucleus and lacks striations. Smooth muscle is found in blood vessels and airways or organs such as the stomach, and contracts involuntarily when needed.
What types of cells are found in nervous tissue? What are their functions?
Nerve tissue is composed of neurons that conduct and transmit nerve impulses (via dendrites and axons), and neuroglia cells that protect, support and insulate the neurons.
List the functions of the integumentary system.
Protection, temperature regulation, prevention of water loss, conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D, contains receptors that receive stimuli.
Describe the roles of pigments and blood flow in determining skin color.
Cells called melanocytes produce the pigment melanin. The color of melanin is variable (red to yellow, or brown to black) and the amount produced by the melanocytes is also variable, which influences the amount of and type of skin color. Blood flow can influence the color of skin. More blood flow increases the red coloration of the skin.
What is the function of fibroblasts?
Fibroblasts are cells that produce protein fibers.
What are oil glands?
Oil glands are specialized structures present in the skin that produce sebum (fats, cholesterol, proteins, and salts). Acne occurs when oil glands clog, bacteria builds up and causes an infection in the gland and hair follicle.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to work together to maintain vital processes such as water balance, temperature regulation, blood pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, usually through negative feedback systems.
List six functions of the skeleton
a. Support
b. Movement
c. Protection
d. Storage of minerals
e. Fat storage
f. Blood cell production
23. What is bone remodeling? Explain the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. How does stress on the bones affect remodeling?
Bone remodeling is the continuous reshaping and replacing of bone during one’s lifetime. Osteoblasts continuously form bone while osteoclasts continuously break down bone. Bones that are under stress or frequently used (Femur, bones in the hands) will have more remodeling than other bones.
Describe the axial and appendicular parts of the skeleton.
The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, ribcage, and vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral girdle and arms, and the bones of the pelvic girdle and legs.
Identify the bones of the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
The pelvic girdle is made of the hip bones, connected by the sacrum and the pubic symphysis. The pectoral girdle contains the scapula and clavicles.
Describe a synovial joint.
A synovial joint is a joint that is freely moveable. They are cushioned by cartilage. The bone is surrounded by a two-layer capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. Ligaments hold the joint together.
What is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
The sliding filament model describes the movement of proteins and use of ATP energy to contract a muscle. The functional units of the muscle are contractile units called sarcomeres where actin filaments slide across myosin filaments to shorten the sarcomeres. A muscle contracts when many sarcomeres shorten at the same time.
What causes actin to move during muscle contraction?
Actin chains are moved by myosin heads with the aid of ATP. The myosin head binds to the actin chain, ATP provides energy to move the myosin head and the actin.
Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and calcium ions in regulating muscle contraction.
Tropomyosin and troponin are proteins that function in muscle relaxation. Calcium ions enter the sarcomere, bind to the tropomyosin-troponin complex, which changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites on the actin. The actin is now free to bind with the myosin again during contraction.
Explain how muscle contraction results from the events that occur when an impulse from a motor nerve cell reaches a neuromuscular junction and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
When a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine is released, which creates an electrochemical message sent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum that releases calcium ions.
Define muscle twitch, summation, and tetanus.
A muscle twitch (contraction) can occur when a motor neuron is stimulated. A wave summation occurs if the muscle is stimulated again before the muscle is relaxed. Tetanus is when the muscle is contracted by a very powerful contraction and no relaxation is occurring. This happens when several twitches happen in a short amount of time without relaxation.
Characterize the difference in function between slow- and fast-twitch muscle cells.
Slow-twitch muscle cells contract slowly, but have more endurance than the fast-twitch muscle cells that contract powerfully and quickly.
List the three types of neurons and give their general functions.
a. Motor neuron – conducts information away from the brain to muscles or glands
b. Sensory neuron – conducts information toward the brain
c. Interneuron (association) neuron – found in the brain or spinal cord and functions in integrating information between motor and sensory neurons; receives sensory input and decides on a response.
What are the functions of neuroglial cells?
There are several types of glial cells, which support, protect, insulate, and nurture neurons.
Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. List two components of each.
a. Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord
b. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS. Is subdivided into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Shock absorption, support, and nourishment.
Which structure of the brainstem is responsible for vital body processes?
The medulla oblongata.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality?
The frontal lobe.
List five functions of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus influences or regulates:
a. blood pressure and heart rate
b. digestive activity
c. breathing rate
d. body temperature
e. coordination of endocrine system
What is the function of the cerebellum?
It is the part of the brain responsible for sensory-motor coordination and balance.
Which functional system of the brain is responsible for emotions?
Limbic system
Describe the two functions of the reticular activating system.
a. Filter for sensory input
b. Activates the cerebral cortex to keep us awake
the flow of blood from the heart and back to it by naming, in order, the general types of vessels through which the blood flows.
Heart artery arterioles capillaries venules veins heart.
Compare the structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Explain how the structure is suited to the function of each type of vessel.
a. Arteries are thick-walled vessels with smooth muscle that can tolerate high blood pressures
b. Capillaries are thin vessels (one layer) that allow exchange of materials between the blood and cells.
c. Veins are thicker than capillaries but not as much smooth muscle in the middle layer as arteries. Blood pressure is low so many veins have one way valves that keep blood from “backing up.”
Describe the structure of the heart. Explain how it functions as two separate pumps.
The human heart is a four-chambered heart consisting of two flexible atriums and two muscular ventricles. Between the atriums and their ventricles are one-way valves that allow blood to move from the atrium to the ventricle. One-way valves exist between the ventricles and their arteries. Blood from the body enters the right atrium and moves to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the pulmonary artery (pulmonary circuit). The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit, moves into the left ventricle which pumps it to the aorta (systemic circuit).
49. Trace the path of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium, naming each major vessel associated with the heart and the heart chambers in the correct sequence.
Superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium → right atrioventricular valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary artery → (pulmonary circuit) → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left atrioventricular valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta.
50. List three important functions of the lymphatic system.
a. Return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
b. Transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the bloodstream.
c. Help defend against disease-causing organisms.
51. Explain the difference between non-specific and specific defense mechanisms.
Non- specific defenses attack any foreign invaders by physical and chemical barriers first and then internally. Specific defenses are our immune system and the immune response that targets specific invaders of the body that manage to get by the non-specific defenses.
52. List seven nonspecific defense mechanisms. Explain how each type helps protect us against disease.
a. Barricades that prevent foreign cells from entering the body
b. Phagocytes engulf foreign cells
c. Inflammatory response of redness, warmth, swelling and pain prevents the spreading of the invader.
d. Natural killer cells target tumor and virus infected cells.
e. Compliment system is a group of plasma proteins that assist other defense mechanisms.
f. Interferons interfere with viral replication.
g. Fever raises body temperature to become less hospitable to invaders.
53. What is responsible for cell-mediated immune responses? What are the targets of cell-mediated immune responses?
T-lymphocytes which mature in the thymus recognize and attack specific foreign cells presenting antigens.
54. What is an autoimmune disorder?
Autoimmune disorders are where the immune system attacks the “self.” Lupus (inflamed connective tissue) and rheumatoid arthritis (inflamed synovial joints) are both autoimmune disorders. There are no cures but therapy to suppress the immune system can relieve some of the symptoms.
55. Trace the path of air from the nose to the cells that use the oxygen.
Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchioles → alveoli → capillary bed → blood stream → capillary bed → cells that need oxygen
56. Explain why food does not usually enter the lower respiratory system when you swallow
When we swallow food, the epiglottis moves to cover the opening to the larynx.
57. What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea? What would happen to the trachea without these rings?
Support to keep the trachea open at all times. The trachea would collapse.
58. What is the bronchial tree?
The system of bronchi that splits at each lung to form tree like structures of bronchioles ending in alveoli sacs.
59. How is most oxygen transported to the body cells?
Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
60. How is most carbon dioxide transported from the cells to the lungs?
Most carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma and transported by the blood stream.
61. What region of the brain causes the basic breathing rhythm?
The medulla oblongata of the brain contains the respiratory center that regulates breathing.
62. Explain how blood carbon dioxide levels regulate the breathing rate.
The medulla oblongata detects increased CO2 levels in the blood by responding to increases in H+ ion concentrations. Increases in H+ ions result in an increased breathing rate, which will lower CO2 levels in the blood.
63. List the structures of the gastrointestinal tract in the order that food passes through them.
Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → colon → rectum.
64. What are the three functions of the stomach? What are the functions of gastric juice?
The functions of the stomach are to mechanically and chemically breakdown the food to produce chime. Gastric juices and pepsin function to break down proteins.
65. How does bile assist the digestion and absorption of fats?
Bile which is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder emulsifies fats to break them down into small droplets that can be digested and absorbed.
66. Where are carbohydrates digested? Proteins? Fats?
The primary site for digestion for all three is the small intestine. Carbohydrates begin digestion in the mouth and proteins begin digestion in the stomach.
67. Describe the structural features that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine.
The small intestine is highly folded with many fingerlike projections called villi. Each villus is covered with microvilli, essentially increasing the surface area of the small intestine 20 times.