Biology Of Extinct Animals

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Ex Ungue Leonem

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By the claw we may judge the lion

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what is functional morphology

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relating structure-function relationships to extinct animals ex occlusional surfaces in molars

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functional morphology went wrong: hippos

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the large tusk made them think carnivorous, but really for fighting

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(3) methods of reconstruction

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1. analogy: relating an existing animal to one of the past, based on form-function and useful with homologous structures
2. modeling: use real or mathematical models
3. context: uses associated fossils and sediment

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homologous structure

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same embryonic origin but with different functions

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power

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work needed to overcome drag

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cost of transport

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energy needed to move body one meter

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levels of reliability

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1. possible
2. plausible
3. probable

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fossil

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any trace of an organisms body or behavior left in the rock record

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body fossils

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actual body parts preserved

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trace fossils

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evidence of organismal activities

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what is the most common rock for making fossils?

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sedimentary: composed of remains of preexisting rocks, it is good bc it records the conditions of the earth's surface, which is inhabited by living organisms, produced in sequential layers so records temporal sequence, burial then erosion

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what is the most common area?

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depositional, at the bottom, but not in erosional, so bias in record toward depositional

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What conditions bring about the highest quality preservation?

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Lagerstatten:
1. rapid burial
2. fine grained sediment: preserves fine details, keeps out bacteria
3. biologically benign: earthworms are bad, no tree roots
4. physically benign: earthquakes bad ect

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Taphonomy

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study changes to organic material during fossilization

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4 stages at which taphonomy is studied

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1. biotic (living)
2. interment: (death-final burial)
3. diagenetic: (burial to discovery)
4. investigative: (discovery to final destruction)

the experiences here are filters that alter or remove stored information

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Interment: degredation

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1. decomposition: soft tissue goes
2. disassociation: hard parts fall apart
3. abrasion: scraped up, loose details
4. breakage: the proteins in bone eaten and break up
5. winnowing: small pieces washed away

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Diagenetic: destructive

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1. dissolution: hard parts chemically altered into soluble compounds
2. compaction: crushed by pressure
3. crystal intrusion: dissolved minerals enter, form crystals and then disrupt remains

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Why are juviniles rarely found in nature?

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their bones have not mineralized and so in the breakage state they are eaten up ect.

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What do the bias' in the fossil record favor?

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1. animals with hard skeletons
2. durable thick skeleton parts
3. adults (more mineralized)
4. infaunal animals (living inside already buried)
5. in benign depositional environ.
6. nonrandom size distribution
7. common species, rare not easily found

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Different processes of fossilization: preserved most to least

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1. freezing: rapid drop in temp, water sublimes, 40,000 years
2. desiccation: rapid water removal, arid places, 100,000 years, other chemical alterations too
3. unaltered: material remains intact, just dead and clean
4.petrifaction: addition of new chemicals
-permineralization:empty space filled, original remains
-replacement: original chemically replaced by mineral, cant see body temp by the crystal structure
-recrystalization: origional matter modified into crystal form
5. carbonizationL degradation of organic materials into carbon film
6. Molds: preserves inside structure
7. Trace fossils: bite marks, coprolites (poop)

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In replacement (part of petrification) what are the minerals used?

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Iron (111) phosphate is black and Iron (III) oxide is orange

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What goes to what in recrystallization (part of petrification)?

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aragonite to calcite

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Missing tip on a canine tooth is an example of what?

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trace fossils: was worn and used

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What does the "lag" space in a bone show?

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either a cold blooded animal or if isolated, you see a disease come through, it recovers and then gets better

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Archean Era: (2)

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-life appear 3.5 bya
-large cratons (3-2.5 bya)
(but need continental shelfs to really create life)

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Proterozoic Era: (4)

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-stromatolites (2 bya) -rings made by photosynthetic bacteria, prokaryotic
-see banded iron formations b/c the Fe3O was being precipitated before it could fill the air
-Early multicellular algae, eukaryotic cells
-ediacaran fauna: first soft body

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Early Paleozoic Era: (Cambrian-Ordovician) (2)

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-skeleton animals! then mass extinction for cambrian
-vertebrates and land plants then mass extinction for ordovician

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Middle Paleozoic Era: (Silurian-Devonian) (5)

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-silurian is the jawed fish
-complex fish faunas is devonian
-animals invade land!!! (arthropods-silurian)
-land biota diversify, 1st insects, 1st seed plants and trees (devonian)
-devonian extinction: amphibians invade land

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Late paleozoic Era: (Carboniferous- ) (4)

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-carboniferous=mississipian
-climate steady, no mtns no equater
-coal swamps: seed ferns, horsetails, mosses
-flying insects in coal swamps
-terrestrial food webs linked to freshwater food webs b/c vertebrates were amphibious

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Late paleozoic era: (carboniferous/permian) (5)

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-pennsylvanian
-gymnosperms, reptiles
-therapsids: mammals, diapsids: archosaurs
-first fully terrestrial food web
-no herbivorous vertebrates

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what and when gave rise to mammals:

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therapsids, permian in the late paleozoic

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what and when gave rise to archosaurs:

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diapsids, permian in the late paleozoic

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when was the first real terrestrial food web? when was the the terrestrial linked to fresh water?

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real one in the permian in the late paleozoic and the one linked was in the late paleozoic but carboniferous

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late paleozoic era: (permian) (3)

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-first herbavorous vertebrates evolve
-climate becomes cool and drier (mountains build)
-permian MASS extinction

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mesozoic era: (4)

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-mammals and cephalopods
-archosaur: dinos, birds, pterosaurs and crocodilians
-modern food web
-durophagus predators
-angiosperms with insects
-cretaceous extinction (bye dinos) (cooling, volcanos, bolide)

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Why was the 5% of biomass top predators in the mesozoic era?

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they were getting warm blooded and needed to eat SO much food to sustain themselves

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durophagus

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shell breaking to eat animals that evolved in the mesozoic era, there was one minor extinction of them and then they re-exploded with better defense

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cenozoic era: (63 mya)

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- mammals
-current from australia around antarctica glaciates it, creation of psychrosphere, diversifies climate across world! (icehouse climate -now)

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biotic modernization

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in the cenozoic era, due to climate changes and psychrosphere the spread of grasslands and grazing mammals, also more modern coral reefs and cetaceans

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when was the most massive extinction

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permean at middle of paleozoic era

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In order the different eras:

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archean
proterozoic
early paleozoic (cambrian-ordovician)
middle paleozoic (silurian-devonian)
late paleozoic (carboniferous-permian)
mesozoic era
chozoic era

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What happened to climate majorly in each?

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Archean-Proterozoic: no oxygen and iron preciping out of sea, no shelfs
Paleozoic: shelfs formed, the very neutral climate went to be more dry and cool when mtns formed
Mesozoic: the tethissea sea was a breeding ground, the bolide impact came
Cehozoic: antartica froze, sea waves brought things from himalaes to panama, e-w circulation, psychrosphere: temperature gradeint!! icehouse climate