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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was significant about the Ediacaran Period and when/where was it?
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world's first macroscopic fauna, 630-542 mya, found in hills of Australia
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What was so strange about the animals found in the Ediacaran Period?
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soft, compressed bodies, quilted and flat, trace fossils from burrowers, unusual form of symmetry, little evidence for internal organs, has 5-7 part symmetry, huge surface area, lived in huge diversity of water depth (different genera, similar body plans: covergent)
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What things HAD to pair together in the Ediacaran Period?
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Animals+microbial mat+stromatolites, animals probably had dependence on mat
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Where there hard bodied Ediacara?
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yes, small shelly fauna like Cloudinia has tiny calcite tubes and open globules
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Ediacaran Life Styles: Scenario 1
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-internal structure resembles modern phyla inferred from fossils, they are a primitive version of an extinct phylum
-clues: head shields, segments, digestive tracts, can see Kimberella (primitive mollusk- oval, unsegmented body, muscular ventral structure, rigid uncalcified body, lateral girlls, associated grooved trace fossils, no hard shell) -disproved: not segmented as once thought but the flat bodies are quilted with center staggered, grew by adding one left, one right, nothing does that now |
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of the Metazoan Design, what were features of Hallucigenia? Lifestyle?
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1. skull like head
2. 7 fleshy appendages, 7 spines 3. snout 4. hooked claws 5. no overtly segmented -used front pair to pick up debris, deposit feeder, not segmented |
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of the Metazoan Design, what features (7) of Opabina? Lifestyle?
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1. protoarthropod
2. hard body with segmentation 3. jointed limbs and paddle limb 4. arthropod J-shaped digestion 5. 5 compound eyes 6. anterior grasping snout 7. gills on all but first pair Lifestyle: cruises along bottom and grabs up animals, not high speed, proboscis to probe in mud, great spines for grasping prey but does not rip it apart |
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of Metazoan Design, what features (6) did Anomalocaris have? Lifestyle?
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1. largest protoarthropod
2. pair of large, stalked eyes 3. pair of jointed head appendages 4. bizarre circular tooth jaws 5. 11 lobes on body 6. 1 m long! Lifestyle: swam with apendicular locomotion, does body wave good static stability |
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How was the change from Edicaran to Metazoan possible?
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1. higher levels of free oxygen: get triploblastic bodies
2. evolution of deep burrowers: bioturbation sediment (killed ediacaran) 3. skeletonization: more efficient body plans 4. evolutionary escalation: more burrowers, more things that eat burrowers 5. increased complexity of genetic control: HOX genes, allows fractal |
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Fishes, what innovations did Ostracoderm give us? (8)
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1. semicircular canals
2. paired fins 3. complex eye muscles 4. sensory line system 5. complex nervous system 6. dentine and cellular bone 7. muscular stomach 8. no jaws/not maneuverable |
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What are the main groups we will study and what are the subgroups under them?
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A. Cephalasipidomorphs
-osterstracan B. Pterasipidomorphs -heterostracans C. Thelodonts -furcacudiforms D. Gnathostome -placoderm -arthrodires -acanthodians |
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In the Cephalasipidomorphs, what are features of the Osterstracan? (7)
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1. flat bottomed head with no growth line
2. vertical scales 3. epicircle tail 4. muscular paired fins 5. successful in fresh water 6. cruise at 8 body/sec assuming myomere muscles 7. segmented muscles |
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Pterasipidomorphs: General Features (6)
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1. dorsal and ventral head plates
2. small bony dentine scales 3. cranium, vertebrae (cartlaginous) 4. epicercal/symmetrical tail 5. no paired fins, not stable or manuverable, wiggle on bottom 6. marine habitat |
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In the Pterasipidomorphs, what are features of the Heterostracans? (5)
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1. 1.8 m long
2. single gill opening to keep velocity high and mud out 3. symmetrical jaw, stabilizing fins 4. jawless with odd plates around mouth for (1)bottom swimming with mud scooping (2) microphagy, such in small animals and the seconds cause no damage and poop 5. body: tubules made of dentine, armor, contain fluids to do sensory (toothache) |
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Thelodonts: features (6)
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1. body covered in minute scales, fall apart when die
2. paired fins, more manuverable 3. marine 4. no head shield 5. multiple gill slits 6. tadpole shape |
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In the Thelodonts, what are the features of the Furcaudiforms? (6)
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1. forked tail
2. laterally compressed body 3. barrel-shaped stomach and short intestine (first stomach) 4. deep, multilobed caudal fin 5. high aspect ratio tail when old 6. bad smell good vision |
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In the Gnathostomes, what are the features of the placoderm? (7)
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1. jaws
2. earliest diver 3. robust head shield 4 scaled body 5 fins not locomotion but support 6 neck joint! 7 bony plates instead of teeth |
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In the Gnathostomes, what are the features of the Arthrodires? (4)
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1. lowered jaw forced down when opened
2. paired muscles, maneuverable fins 3. eel like tail (low aspect ratio) 4. enamel hard, bond soft-hard to replace |
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In the Gnathostomes, what are the features of the Acanthodians? (8)
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1. first group to preserve upper and lower jaw
2. smaller 3. small head plate, tiny bony scales 4. fully fresh water 5. epicircal tail 6. large mouth, small conical teeth-small prey 7. large eyes, visual predator, bad smell 8. multiple spiny fins |
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What are the three basic characteristics of Echinoderms?
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1. water vascular system
2. steromes 3. pentaradiate symmetry |
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What are the two main groups of Echinoderms and the 4 major differences between them?
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1. Pelmatozoans: sessile filter-feeders, heavily armored, mouth directed up, less derived
2. Eleutherozoans: motile predator, lightly armored, mouth directed down or laterally, more derived |
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Traditional model of Chordate Evolution?
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CHE, CH allied, initially unarmored, chordates evolved from paedomorphis,
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Calcichordate model of Chordate Evolution?
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CEH, CE allied, Chordate initially armored, Chordates evolved from stylophoran (but lacks pentaradiate symmetry, but has steromes, pores, mouth and anus, appendages)
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What are 3 proposals of how stylophorans moved?
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1. Stele theory: appendage elevated body above surface
2. Aulacophore theory: body rested on substrate and appendage was feeding arm 3. Calcichordate theory: body rested on substrate and appendage was postanal tail that used for movement (called chordate bc they are only group to get post anal tail) |
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Give an example of an asymetrical stylophoran?
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Cornutes: pores, brain, eyes and ears located near anus, rearward locomotion, sense organs at posterior, calcium phosphate skeleton (all weird)
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Give an example of a bilateral stylophoran?
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Mitrates: digs in and pulls backwards, sense organs by anus, movable feeding appendages
Cornutes-> mitrates-> chordates? |
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What are problems with stylophorans as ancestors to chordates?
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1. change from rear to forward locomotion
2. not all pores identified as gill slits 3. position of brain, eyes and ears (shift anterior) 4. change from calcium carbonate to calcium phosphate skeleton |
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What do muscle scars tell us about stylophorans as Ancestors?
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1. Stele: long blue line is axial?? (b)
2. Calcichordate: post anal tail with segmented muscles, notochord and brain and DNC, plate fixed and filled in with segmental muscles (c) 3. Alachophore: just small muscle for moving arm not whole body (d) |
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What are the two main groups of shelled Cephalopods? What are the main features between the two?
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Nautiloids and Ammonoids. Nautiloids have simple septa, central siphuncle, 13 rad teeth/row, no ink, small beak like jaws, lower beak not modified, no lid, small, direct development. The Ammonioids have complex septa (gives strength to get big), pereferial siphuncle, ink sac, 7 rad teeth/row, lower beak into aptychi, large!
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What are the types of the ammonites?
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1. Drifters 8cm/sec
2. Nektonic: streamlines, V shape 3. Benthic: heavy shell, course external, oval aperture 4. Heteromorphs: coarse opening, round aperture, open coiling |
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Compare the Baltoeurpterid and the Pterytotoid from the Euripterida family?
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Balto: small, small chlicerae, large paddles, spike telson.
Pterytotoid: largest 2 m, high mechanical advantage gnathobase, high velocity ratio chelicerae, high aspect ratio limb 6, powerful! |
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Compare the Hughmilleriids and the Carcinosomatids from the euripterida family?
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Hughmilleriids: freshwater, streamlines, up stream, clawed chlicerae, high aspect ratio paddles, protrusion from mouth
Carcinosomatids: marine, .5 m small clawed chicerae, pedipalps for prey capture, paddle, long slender postabdomen with venom |
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Compare Stylonurids to Mixopteridae in the euripterida family?
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Stylonurids: brackish/fresh, long walking legs, no paddle
Mixopteridae: marine, 1 m, hollow teslon, trace fossils |
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What are the three body parts of a trilobite?
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1. cephalon
2. thorax 3. pygidium (medial and pleural lobes) |
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What features lead to what kind of feeding for trilobites?
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Spiny gnathobase->scavenging carnivores
modest gnathobase spines->grazing detritivores pitted fringe->exocurrent openings, pheoreceptors->filter feeder large eyes->pelagic planktivore paedomorphosis->agnostids |
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What are three innovation of sharks (fish that act)?
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1. cartilaginous skeleton with prismatic mineralization
2. male claspers: internal fertilization 3. rapid tooth replacement |
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What are 3 features of Stethocantus?
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1. pad of hooked denticles on head and dorsal fin, sexual dimorphism
2. muscle scars: shows connection with three muscles to back of skull 3. cladodont teeth |
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What are three features of Helicoprion?
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1. bizarre tooth whirls, trick ammoniods never lost, compound root, inner first
2. individual teeth compressed and serrated, no gill slit 3. no gill slits |
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What are three features of Edestus?
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1. big lipped wierdos
2. fused teeth with giant root 3. 1 gill slit |
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What does it take to live on land? (6)
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1. gills to lungs
2. sharpened sensory 3. better pelvic girdle 4. better vertebrae column 5. no suction eating 6. shift from axial to apendicular locomotion |
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Vertebrae->Amphibians->Labryinthodonts->Ichthyostegalins, features and example:
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-internal gills
-digited appendages -ribs that extend to pelvis -tain fin with cartilage like fish ex. acanthostega: polydactly, ceratobranchials (internal gills), feeding suiture high MA, impendance hearing system |
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Vertebrae->Amphibians->Labryinthodonts->Temnospondyles, features and example:
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-no scales/tailfins
-large eyes, teeth -large robust skeleton -bony struts to make vertebrae strong ex. mastodonsaurus -small body for skull -anterior fangs -sensory suchi (means aquatic) -shallow water |
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Vertebrae->Amphibians->Labryinthodonts->Lepospondyls, features and example:
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-smaller
-simple vertebrae -more aquatic ex. Diplocaulcus -chevron skull w/pronounced allometry -hydrofoil |
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Marine Amniotes have what three things?
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4 chambered heart
amniotic egg erect leg posture |
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What are the features of Mosasaurs?
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-large root
-small flippers -avascular neurcrosis in vertebrae -tympanic membranes gets larger with better hearing clidastes->platecarpus->tylosaurus |
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What are the features of Plesiosaurs?
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-long jaw, slender interlocking teeth, elongated flipper, ventral girdle element, asymmetrical underwater flight, avascular neurcrosis in limb
ex. short and long, long is more delicate teeth an smaller flippers with gastroliths, short has a robust head with long teeth and a big bite with larger flippers and chemoreception in the nasals |
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What are the features of the Ichthyosaurs (Marine Amniotes)?
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-15 m long
-streamlined, fishlike body -long slender jaws with small, conical teeth -large eyes -flippers and caudal fin -porpoise-like body (but could not because they were cold blooded and the tail was the wrong way) |
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What are the features of Tanystropheus?
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-small body and long tail and long neck
-need ballus -stiff neck vertebra -long cervical ribs -small head and slender teeth |
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What are features of extant crocodilians?
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1. semi-aquatic
2. long jaw and large teeth 3. reinforced skull and med-lat teeth=spinning 4. semi erect, runs as erect 5. 4 chambered heart with shunt 6. osteoderms 7. hepatic piston lung ventilation alligators/caimans->crocodiles->gavials strong and broad to weak and long |
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Which are the extinct protosuchians features?
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short jaws, hard 2 palate, anterior internal nares more terrestiral
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What are the features of extinct mesosuchians?
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posterior internal nares
streamlined skull no osteoderms hypocercal tail (like shark) marine/terrestrial |
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What are features of eusuchians? dinosuchians?
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12 m long!
allied with alligators long anterior and blunt posterior teeth marine terrestrial |
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Pterosaurs: Flight Features
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1. elongated 4th finger
2. pteroid bone (between shoulder and wrist) 3. enlarged sternum 4. wing fibers/pilli 5. attached above hip 6. marine thermal soarer |
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Sordes Features (Rhamphorhynchoids)
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1. short neck and wrist
2. long rudder tail 3. toothed 4. uropatagium (heavy) 6. had soft tissue scars on head crest |
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Pterodactyloid: Pteradon
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1. long neck and wrist
2. short tail 3. free hind legs 4. toothless beak 5. notarium (fused shoulder blade) 6. large head crest 7. on land quadrupedal and plantigrade |
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Features of Sauropods:
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1. herbiverous
2. gastroliths 3. small head, leaf/peg teeth 4. bony nares high on skull 5. columnar forelimbs with reduced fingers 6. high neural arches with ligament 7. 6 accessory hearts ?? (no evidence) 8. avian respiratory 9. cervical ribs control position of neck |
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What are the two types of Theropod?
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1. coelurosaur: small and agile
2. carnsaur: large and massive |
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Herrarasaurs:
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-intramandibular joint
-lacks a furcula -linear jaw articulaton |
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Spinosaurs:
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-spines
-subnarial gap -conical fish eating teeth -hard secondary palate -muscular claws |
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Carnosaurs:
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-intramandibular joint
-large robust head -bade teeth with short roots -soft small neck muscles -large arms |
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Tyrannosaurus
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-no in. joint
-large teeth with long roots -large neck muscle -hard secondary palate -reduced hand/foot -broad head |
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Therininosaur
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-herbivore
-huge huge claws -protofeathers |
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Ratites
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-paedomorphic
-unkeeled sternum -reduced wings and tail -large muscular legs -downy feathers -rigid palate |
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Egg problems:
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1. gas exchange: length 2x thick 3x so if you double length surface are up 4 and thickness 3 so you get a 4/3 difussion uping it when you do length time 2 but he metabolism goes up 4-5 times
2. chick strength to crack out: shell strength~shell thickness^2, chick strength~chick mass, increase length x2 then you get thickness x3, which means strength x9 and lengthx2 the mass x8 which means the strength x8 3. incubation is dangerous |
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Moas
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-herbiverous birds
-made zig zag diverification happen -maori hunted down -cryptic coloration -nocturnal |
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what did plants do?
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1. noxious chemicals
2. zig zag diverification 3. cryptic coloration 4. distasteful taste mimicry |
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Archaeopteryx
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-crow sized
-only juviniles present (not fused, growth rate) -feathers ahve barbules, asymmetric vains, reinforced shaft -lift generating tail, 3-1 toe, -bar furcula -unkeeled sternum -unserrated teeth |
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Confuciusornis:
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-dromaeosaur: postoribital skull
-lateral shoulder joint -bar furcula -tootheless beak -reduced tail vertebrae -weekly keeled sternum -crow sized -fully fused bone suiture |
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sinornis/cathayornis
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-short toothed beak
-unfused pelvis:raise wings -hyperextension of wrist -keeled sternum -short pygostyle -sparrow sized |
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Evolution of Flight:
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1. feathers
2. asymmetrical feather vanes 3. keeled sternum 4. modified pectoral girdle 5. weight reduction |
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What was gigantopithicus' mouth like?
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1. peg like incisors
2. thick enamel but caveties 3. v shaped pallet 4. herbiverous (microscraches, phytoliths) |
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Sabertooth Dirk vs Scimitar
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the dirk has a stiff spine the scimitar has a flexible, the dirk has fine serration and goes for fast prey
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