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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the seven major taxonomic categories?
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Hint: Kathy Plays Chess on Fridays (and) Golfs Saturday.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
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List the five major taxonomic kingdoms (and three examples of each):
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Plantae: ferms, moss, trees, plants.
Metazoan: sponges, worms, vertebrates. Protista: protozoa, amoeba, seaweed. Fungi: mold, mushrooms, mildew. Monera: blue green algae, bacteria. |
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Describe the major characteristics for each of the above kingdoms:
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Plantae: autotrophic, macroscopic, aerobic, eukaryotic.
Metazoan: heterotrophic, macroscopic, aerobic, eukaryotic. Protista: auto or heterotrophic, macro or microscopic, aerobic, eukaryotic. Fungi: heterotrophic, macro and microscopic, aerobic, and some anerobic, eukaryotic. Monera: autotophic but mostly heterotrophic, microscopic, aerobic and anaerobic, prokaryotic. |
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Define units of measure:
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meter=standard unit of measure (m).
centimeter=1/100 of a m (cm). millimeter=1/1000 of a m (mm). micrometer=1.100 of a meter (um). nanometer=1/1000 of a um (nn). |
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Describe the relative size of a bacterium:
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Bacterium=large
Rickettsiae=medium Virus=small |
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Define cocci, coccus, bacilli, bacillus, spirilla, spirillum, spirochetes, spirocheete.
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Cocci: plural; round, sperical, circular.
Coccus: singular; round, spherical, circular. Bacilli: plural; rod shapped. Bacillus: Singular; rod shaped. Spirilla: plural; cresent, banana or comma shaped. Spirillum: singular; crescent, banana or comma shaped. Spirochetes: plural; coiled, twisted, spring shaped. Spirochette: singular; coiled, twisted, spring shaped. |
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Describe the following patterns:
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Diplococci: round, paired. Streptococci: round, chained.
Tetrads: round, group of four Staphylococci: round, bunch of grapes. Diplobacilli: rod, paired. Streptobacilla: rod, chained. |
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Describe the main distinguishing features of rickettiae:
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Relatively small, all parasatic and need a host cell. Tend to be rod shaped, obligated. Examples are rocky mountain fever and typhoid.
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Describe the following structures and characteristics of bacteria:
Cell wall? |
Cell wall: complex polysacride material produced by the cytoplasm of the cell; provides strength, added protection, security; gives shape.
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Capsule, or slime layer?
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Capsule or slime slayer: some bacteria secrete this outside the cell wall; allows it to adhere to surfaces-sticks to objects.
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Fission?
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Fission: asexual; can't do reproduction through sexual means; amitosis.
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Conjugation?
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Conjugation: sexual reproduction; genetic materials exhcanged, but still end up with two organisms.
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Flagella?
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Flagella: organism has tail used for movement in wet environment.
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Spores?
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Spores: dormant state, existing state.
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Sporulation?
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Sporulation: the bacteria finds itself in a hostile environment.
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Define the following terms used to describe viruses.
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Core: Nucleic; has both DNA & RNA.
Capsid: Outercoat; has protein. Virion: unattached virus; free floating. |
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Describe how viruses typically infects cells and tissues.
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Infection stage: virus' will attach to the cell.
Eclipse stage: injects DNA into the cytoplasm of the cell that takes over the function of the cell. Replication stage: the virus is the telling the cell to make more bits and pieces of itself. Assembly stage: the cell starts to assemble the bits and pieces to make 100's and 100's of replications. Liberation stage: cell splits, bursts and breaks open, and releases. The cell then diesl. |
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Define protozoa:
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Protozoa are one cell animals. They are also known as unicellular animals.
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Describe the distinguishing characteristics and cite one example of each of the following classes of protozoa.
Sarcodina? |
Sarcodina: pseudopodia, "false feet" that move by liquid. They alter their shape, they are found in digestive tract and urinary tract. AMOEBA.
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Ciliophora (ciliates)?
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Ciliophora (ciliates): Hairlike structures, move by liquid, free living and found in pond water. PARAMECIUM.
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Mastigophora?
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Mastigophora: Flagella (whip like tail), moves by liquid, free living, found in circulatory system, found in digestive system. EUGLENA.
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Sporozoa?
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Sporozoa: They have no means of propelling themselves. They are bad guys that use vector to transport from host to host.
MALARIA & AFRICAN SLEEPING DISEASE. |
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List four classes of fungi based on their mode of reproduction and cite one example of each.
Zygomycota? |
Zygomycota: Zygote-fertilized cell; bread mold, "cotton like" mold on oranges, stringy, fibrous-filamentous/mycelium.
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Ascomycota?
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Cup fungus, puff fungus; string like or rotting fungus; spores produced inside. Generally free living, not disease causing. Exception-thrush.
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Basidiomycota?
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Toad stools, mushrooms; spores are produced at the end of the stem; free living.
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Deuteromycota?
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Unknown category; we don't know how they reproduce, Athletes feet, ring worm.
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Cite the major distinguishing features of the two major groups of helminths. (Metazoans-large macroscopic animals).
Nemathelminths & Platyhelminths. |
Nemanthelminths: (nematodes) Round, smooth, cylindrical. Unsegmented, separate sexes, complete digestive tract. Examples: heartworm, hookworms, pin worms, guinea worm.
The shorter, thinner worms are male, larger, thicker worms are female. The worms are cylindrical, smooth and unsegmented. They are separate sexes-other complex system. They have a complete digestive system; mouth, intestine, anus, nervous system, segmented; earthworm. Also responsible for Elephantitis. |
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Platyhelminths?
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Platyhelminths are flat, don't have complex digestive systems (mouth only) both sexes are in the same body and it has segments. These are hermaphroditic. Responsible for swimmers itch and liver flukes. They are flat, but tadpole shaped, it burrows in hte skin.
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Distinguish between cestodes and trematodes? Give examples of each.
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Cestodes flatten and have a segmented body. Tape worms are cestodas.
Trematodes are unsegmented worms; round, smooth body; blood, liver, skin flukes. Swimmers itch is an example of trematoda. |
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Unit II:
Differentiate between the compound and electron microscopes with regard to their resolving powers and use. |
Microscopes:
Light: compound, maginification up to 1000x. Cost is about $3000. Electron: Gives greater magnification, up to 200,000 times. Cost is about 3 million dollars. TEM & SEM. |
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Describe the use of incubators, refrigerators and freezers in microbiology.
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Incubator: Stimulate growth; simulate enviroment conditions; 30 C-37 C.
Refrigerators: Prolongs spoilage or slows it down. Slows reproduction. Freezers stop growth; bacteria in a dormant state or spore state; sporulation. |
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Distinguish between clean and sterile and describe conditions necessary to assure sterlization using dry heat ovens and autoclaves.
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If you are unable to use heat, you can use UV, ultra low freeze, gasses, chemicals and filtration for sterilization.
Sterlization kills grown, to kill all organisms. You can use an oven for dry heat; one hour and 375 degrees F (180 C). Or you can use an autoclave, wet heat or steam; 15 PSI for 30 minutes at 120 degrees C; heat under pressure. |
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Describe how filters are used in microbiology.
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Filtration filters out the solution. It has to be small enough to pass through filters (infiltratable). Examples are virus and rickettsia.
To clean-disinfect is to kill some organisms, but not all. |
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Describe the use of inoculating loops and sterile pipettes in microbiology.
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Inoculating loops: move solids and liquids; transfers bacteria from one site to another site.
Sterile pipettes: moves liquids; allows transfer of liquids. Cotton Swab: sterile. |
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Define and describe Gram Stain.
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Gram Stain:
Crystalviolet: if bacteria cell wall turns purple from stain it is gram positive. Saffarin: red counter stain; bacteria will take in one or the other stain and be called gram negative. |
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Describe Acid Fast Stain.
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PH of 7 is neutral; less than 7=acid fast-more than 7=base.
Carbol Fuchsin: slightly basic-it does not retain, cell wall is acid. Below 7ph; OH negative. Methylene blue: Slightly acide-retained; cell wall is basic. Above 7ph; counterstain. |
