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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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protein subunits
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amino acids
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r-groups
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side chains attached to amino acid backbone
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interaction responsible for protein coiling such as alpha helix formation
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r-group interactions
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DNA stands for
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA stands for
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ribonucleic acid
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DNA and RNA "backbone"
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sugar-phosphate grouping
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the four DNA "teeth" or bases
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A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine)
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the four RNA "teeth" or bases
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A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and U (uracil)
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A (adenine) pair in DNA
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T (thymine)
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A (adenine) pair in RNA
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U (uracil)
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G (guanine) pair
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C (cytosine)
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C (cytosine) pair
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G (guanine)
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U (uracil) pair
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A (adenine)
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T (thymine) pair
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A (adenine)
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mRNA
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messenger RNA
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genetic transcription
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[DNA > RNA] the production of RNA from uncoiled DNA
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genetic translation
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[RNA > Protein] mRNA is matched up with free floating nucleotides to form proteins
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reverse transcriptase function
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can copy a single stranded RNA into a double stranded DNA molecule
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how can viruses such as HIV only containing RNA genomes make DNA genomes?
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viruses containing RNA genomes also contain reverse transcriptase which allows the synthesis of DNA from RNA
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average diameter of the HIV virus
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100 nm
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all viruses consist of these two basic components
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a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a capsid
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capsid
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protein layer found in viruses that protects the RNA or DNA genome
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capsomeres
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proteins making up the protective capsid layer, may be copies of one protein or several different types
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envelope
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flexible lipid-bilayer membrane
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where are viral envelopes derived from?
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the previous human host cell from which they were created
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how are viral envelopes different than the host cell membrane
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viral envelopes are made up of virus specific proteins such as GP 120 and GP 41
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adsorption
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the union between the virus and its host cell
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how many types of amino acids are there
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20
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another name for sugars
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carbohydrates
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what is the only thing our cells can survive on (feed on)
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carbohydrates (glucose)
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another name for fats
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lipids
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replication
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when DNA is replicated into more DNA via DNA polymerase
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virus definition
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obligate intercellular parasite
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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when a virus mimics the lock and key mechanism of the body's cells
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viral particle
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virion
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lytic cycle
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viral genome is translated into viral proteins. at a certain concentration they form viral particles (virions). particles assemble and burst from the host cell
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lysogentic cycle
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viral genome integrates into host cell genome and copies infected chromosome with DNA polymerase. cells have no idea they are replicating the infected chromosomes
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under the baltimore classification, what family is HIV in?
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class VI - plus strand RNA is a template for DNA
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active immunity
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that which we acquire ourselves (from interaction with viruses in our immune systems)
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passive immunity
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that which we are given (injections, breast milk)
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cell-mediated active immune response
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special cells of the body react to infected cells and target them for destruction
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humoral active immune response
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mediated by antigen recognizing protein or antibodies circulating through the body
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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3 types of white blood cells
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leukocytes, phagocytes, and mast cells
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2 major types of lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells
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B cell function and where found in body
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antibody producing, found in bone marrow
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T cell function and where found in body
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antigen recognizing, found in the thymus gland
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effector cells
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activated B and T cells
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plasma cells
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B cells producing antibodes
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Th cells
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T-helper cells that secrete cytokine
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Tc cells
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T-cytotoxic cells that secrete perforin
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cytokine
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secreted by one cell to regulate the actions of neighbor cells
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what does MHC stand for
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major histo-compatibility (protein)
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briefly describe antigen presentation
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antigen enters dendritic cell
enzyme in cell breaks antigen into peices peices bind to MHC protein MHC antigen complex is transported via the glogi apparatus to the cell surface MHC protein presents antigen on surface of cell membrane |
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CD-4
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glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T-helper cells and macrophages
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briefly describe viral cell penetration
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GP120 binds with CD-4 and the newly formed complex bends down and binds to the cell co-receptor. GP41 pokes cell membrane of host cell and melds with it. penetration ends as the virus transmits its nucleocapsid into the cell's cytoplasm
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uncoating
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the process of removing the viral genome from the nucleocapsid
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CD8
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glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T-cytotoxic cells and T-suppressor cells
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viral assembly
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when viral genomes, capsid proteins, and enzyme molecules assemble at the edge of the host cell to become new viruses
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viral release
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new viruses bud from the cell membrane, taking some with it to become viral envelope
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what are the 3 genes of HIV that provide genetic information
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gag, pol, and env
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what are the 6 regulatory genes of HIV that control penetration, uncoating, production, and integration
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tat, rev, nef, vif, vpu, vpr
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gag gene
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genetic coding for capsid protein
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pol gene
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genetic code for viral enzymes
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env gene
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genetic code for envelope proteins
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phagocytosis
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parasitic object is consumed by phagocyte
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viral inhibition
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viral antibodies react with molecules at the viral surface and prevent viral attachment to cells
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neutralization
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antibodies called antitoxins combine specifically with toxins, thereby neutralizing them
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agglutination
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agglutinins combine with antigens on the cell surface and bind the cells together or restrict movement
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precipitation
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precipitins combine with dissolved antigens to form lattice-like arrangements that precipitate out of solution
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GP 160
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the total sum of GP 120 and GP 41
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tat gene
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regulates production, most active in early infection and can boost viral production by 1000 times
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rev gene
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regulates viral protein expression
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nef gene
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suppresses viral messages
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vpr
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viral protein R, transports viral DNA into nucleus
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vpu
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viral protein U, prevents CD4 from getting through host membrane
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how long post exposure does stable infection occur
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1-3 days
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how does HIV kill directly
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destroys CD4+ cells by overwhelming them with viral cells as well as consumes vital cell nutrients
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what are the three modes of Th killing by HIV
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direct killing, apoptosis, and anergy
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direct killing of Th cells by HIV
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cells die when large amt of virus bud off cell membrane, destroying it
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apoptosis killing of Th cells by HIV
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cell suicide, triggered by HIV proteins
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anergy killing of Th cells by HIV
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CD4 cells turned off by signals from HIV's vpr and vpu regulatory proteins
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describe the "empty sink" analogy
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HIV virus production is much greater than that of Th cells and Th cells cannot keep up
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describe the "turning down the tap" analogy
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HIV proteins slow down Th cell production rates as well as induce early destruction of Th cells via shortened telomeres
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telomeres
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responsible for cell suicide as cell ages
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what does it mean for HIV to be m-trophic
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they are attracted to macrophages as the site of infection
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dendritic cells
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branching cells that contact virtually all cell in the lymph nodes
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Ts T-suppressor cells
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regulatory T-cells that act to suppress immune response
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