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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two clades within Unikonta?
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1. Amoebozoans
2. Opistokonts |
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The fusion of the DHFR and TS genes means what for the phylogeny of Eukaryotes?
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1. Either convergent evolution occurred and the fusion happend four times, or common ancestor and unikonts developed to not fuse genes.
2. Unikonts are kind of out on their own. |
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What are the three groups of amoebozoans?
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1. Gymnamoebas
2. Entamoebas 3. Slime molds |
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Describe the two types of slime molds.
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1. Plasmodial
- brightly pigmented yellow or orange. - Form mass called plasmodium - full of nuclei - Undivided by membranes, contains diploid nuclei. 2. Cellular - Form multicellular aggregates, but cells separated by membranes. - cells feed individually, but form a fruiting body. |
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Why aren't there more cellular slime mold cheaters to avoid being a stem?
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1. Because if every slime mold was a cheater, the slime mold would just wait around for someone else to make the stem, but it would never get made and they would die out.
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Gymnamoebas live where?
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1. Soil
2. Freshwater 3. Marine environments |
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Entamoebas live where?
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1. Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
2. Cause dysentry in humans |
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What are some diseases that entamoebas cause?
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1. Amebic dysentry in humans (Entamoeba histoytica)
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What does opisthokont mean - literally?
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1. Posterior
2. Flagella on the posterior side |
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How many times has multicellularity evolved in the opisthokonts? What principle did you use to arrive at this conclusion?
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1. 2
2. Principle of Parsimony - in absense of other data, simplest explanation is the best. |
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How do scientists use the idea of parsimony?
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1. In helping to distinguish whether a trait occured due to a common ancester or convergent evolution, where organisms developed same trait by environment.
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Draw, label and describe a general life cycle for a fungus.
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1. Can reproduce sexually or asexually.
2. Produce rapid number of spores. 3. See handout for more details on life cycle. |
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What are the two types of mycorrhizae? How do they differ?
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1. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
- form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular space of roots. 2. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - extend hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane. (ArMUSCULAR mycorrhizal are able to punch through the cell wall with their muscles!) :) |
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Cell walls of fungus are made of__________.
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1. Chitin
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What are haustoria?
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1. Specialized hyphae that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host.
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What is heterotrophy?
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1. organisms that feed by absorption.
2. Fungi use enzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller compounds. |
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What happens during plasmogamy?
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1. Fusion of the cytoplasm between two mycelium
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What happens during Karyogamy?
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1. Fusion of the nuclei of two mycelium
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What's a mold?
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1. fungus that grows on the outside of things.
2. Basically, many mycorrize 3. Produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelin. |
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What's a yeast?
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1. Fungi that can reproduce asexually and inhabitat moist environments.
2. Reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the pinching of bud cells from a parent cell. |
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What are Chytrids and how do they get nutrition?
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1. A phylum of fungi
2. Found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats 3. Can be decomposers, parasites or mutualists. 4. They absorb nutrients found in soil and other habitats. ****5. Unique among fungi for having flagellated spores called zoospores. |
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What is a zygomycete? Give an example.
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1. Fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts (one has advantage, host breaks even)
2. Resistant to freezing or drying out. 3. Black bread mold and Pilobolus are both examples. |
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What is Pilobolus? Why do they face light?
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1. Fungi that have pressurized capsules, which fire sporangia toward conditions favorable to good food sources.
2. They face the light because grass is usually found in high sunlight and cows eat grass and disperse their spores. |
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What is a glomeromycete? Why are they important? What type of mycorrhizae do they form?
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1. A phylum of fungi.
2. The form arbuscular mycorrhizae. 3. Mutualistic relationships with plants and provide plant roots with minerals and nutrients. |
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Describe the reproductive structures of ascomycetes.
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1. Asci - saclike structure that produces sexual spores.
2. Asci are contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps. |
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What are three "good" ascomycetes?
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1. Morchella (morels)
2. Truffle 3. Penicillium |
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What is a sac fungi?
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1. Ascomycete
2. Vary in size and complexity from unicellular yeast to elaborate cup fungi and morels. 3. Include plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts. |
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How can ascomycetes get their nutrition?
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1. Feed on organic substances, including dead matter.
2. They secrete digestive enzymes that break down compounds into smaller chunks. |
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Beer has been around for ____ years.
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1. 6000 years
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_____________ discovered penicillin in what year?
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1. 1928
2. Alexander Fleming |
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What is Fusarium, Cryptococcus, Ergot and Candida? Be specific.
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1. Bad fungi
2. Fusarium - grains 3. Cryptococcus - Pigeon poop 4. Ergot - Claviceps, parasitic on grains of grasses. 5. Candida - diaper rash and worse |
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Claviceps infects_____________ and produces 4 alkaloids:
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1. Infects flowers and replaces mature grain with sclerotia.
2. Ergotamine - vasoconstrictor 3. Ergonovine - spontaneous abortions 4. Ergine - gastrointestinal toxin, seizures, formication (ants) 5. LSD (lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide) - hallucinations |
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Describe how Cordyceps can effect an ant's behavior and why?
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1. It affects their brain and causes them to climb limbs and then the stem grows out of their head and bursts to spread it to other ants.
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To what group of fungi does White-nose Syndrome belong? We know that because it forms______________.
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1. Ascomycetes
2. Conidia |
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Basidiomycetes are called __________fungi because of the shape of the _______________.
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1. Club fungi
2. Basidium |
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Basidomycetes and_________________ are sister taxa.
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1. Ascomycetes
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One common name for a basidiocarp is _____________.
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1. Mushrooms
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If examined closely, you may be able to find 3 different nuclear arrangements in the basidiocarps on your pizza. What are they?
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1. Haploid
2. Diploid 3. Dikaryotic |
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Know the life cycle of a basidiomycete!
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1. In the packet... or in book...
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What's a lichen?
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1. Symbiotic association of a fungi with an algae or cyanobacteria.
2. Photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungi hyphae. 2.5 Trevor - basically a fungi and algae date eachother! lol |
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What are leaf-cutter ants doing?
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1. They basically cut leaves and then allow fungus to grow on them, which they use for food.
2. They make an antibiotic on their backs to prevent against another fungi killing their harvest. |
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What's an endophytic fungus?
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1. Live inside leaves or other plant parts.
2. They make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens. |
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What groups are under Excavata?
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1. Excavata
- Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans. |
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Classify thy self - Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, and Species (remember the rule on species names!).
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Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens |
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How do leaf-cutter ants control the parasitic fungi that attack their fungal crops?
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1. They grow actinomycete on their backs, which kill bad fungus.
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Kladothrips soldiers protect the colony from invading thrips and___________________ (genus).
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1. Cordyceps fungi
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What is being studied as a possible way to control Dengue Fever? Give me the genus and what it does.
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1. The use of Cordyceps to potentially spray and infect insects, which will kill the insects being a vector for Dengue Fever.
2. Cordyceps infects the brain of an insect and then grows out of their heads. |
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With respect to cell structure and function, what are the four main characteristics of animals?
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1. Multicellular Eukaryotes
2. Cells lack cell walls. 3. Bodies held together by structural proteins called collagens. 4. Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals. |
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Describe animal development from egg to gastrula.
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1. Sperm fertilizes egg
2. Zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage. 3. Cleavage leads to formation of a blastula. 4. Blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissue. |
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What are the choanoflagellates and what two bits of data tell us that they are similar to the ancestor of animals?
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1. Choanoflagellates are a single-celled or colonial group of eukaryotes that may bear the resemblance of the closest living relative of animals.
2. Morophologically, choanoflagellate cells and collar cells look alike. 3. DNA indicates choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups. |
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What are these and in what order did they occur?: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neoproteozoic.
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1. Neoproteozoic
- early members of animal fossil records in 565 million. 2. Paleozoic - Cambrian explosion: 535 mill marks earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals. - New predator-prey relationships - A rise in atmospheric oxygen - Evolution of the HOX gene complex. 3. Mesozoic - Coral reefs emerged. - Dinosoars - First mammals emerged. 4. Cenozoic - Followed Chicxulub impact - probably asteroid coupled with volcanoes. |
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In which era did mammals arise?
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1. Mesozoic
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What are the two types of symmetry and how might they aid in the evolution of complexity?
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1. Bilateral
- Can move better, have central nervous system. - Have right and left side, both sides have to work together - dorsal/ventral sides - anterior/posterior sides - cephalization 2. Radial - sessile or planktonic |
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What are the three germ layers and what do they give rise to?
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1. Give rise to tissues and organs of the animal embryo
2. Ectoderm - outside layer 3. Endoderm - inside layer 4. Mesoderm - middle layer |
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A true coelem is lined with tissue from ____________________.
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1. Mesoderm
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What are the differences between protostome and deuterostome development?
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1. Protostome
- Cleavage is spiral and determinate. - Molluscs, Annelids - Mouth First 2. Deuterostome - Cleavage is radial and indeterminant. - Echinoderms, Chordates. - Butt First |
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Know your phylogeny of the animal handout. Know the major groups and the placement of the taxa with stars, Silicea, Calcarea, Echinodermata, Chordata, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Nematoda, Arthropoda. Are they Bilateria, Eumetazoa etc.
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Sponges
- Silicea - Calcarea 1. Tissues - Eumetazoa 2. Bilateral ****Deuterostomia - Echinodermata - Chordata ****Lophotrochozoa - Platyhelminthes - Mollusca ****Ecdysozoa - Nematoda - Arthropoda |
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What's a choanocyte, amoebocyte and a mesohyl?
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1. Mesohyl
- middle layer of somewhat connective tissue 2. Amoebocyte - found in mesohyl - Digestion - Structure 3. Choanocyte - flagellated collar cells - generate a water current through sponge - Ingest suspended food |
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What groups are under Chromalveolata?
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DACDGOB
1. Dinoflagellates 2. Apicomplexans 3. Ciliates 4. Diatoms 5. Golden algae 6. Oomycetes 7. Brown Algae |
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What groups are under Rhizaria?
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1. Chlorarachiniophytes
2. Forams 3. Radiolarians |
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What groups are under Archaeplastida?
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RLCC (Resident Life Coordinator Chris)
1. Red algae 2. Cholorophytes 3. Charophyceans 4. Land plants |
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What groups are under Unikonta?
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1. Slime molds
2. Gymnamoebas 3. Entamoebas 4. Nucleariids 5. Fungi 6. Choanoflagellates 7. Animals |
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Describe the basic life cycle of a schistosome? What is it?
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1. The "blood fluke" or schistosome starts by infecting fish and transferring to snails to grow more eggs.
2. Once they infect snails, they grow eggs and these larvae can infect humans. 3. The larvae get released into water and can attach to humans. |
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What are the three main groups of flatworms?
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1. Turbellarians
2. Monogeneans and Trematodes 3. Tapeworms |
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Why isn't Porifera a good taxonomic name?
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1. It is only a grade and not a clade.
2. They are classified by morphological characteristics and not biological. |
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What are the major groups of molluscs?
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1. Chitons
2. Gastropods 3. Bivalves 4. Cephalopods |
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What are the major groups of Arthropods?
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1. Chelicerforms
2. Myriapods 3. Hexapods 4. Crustaceans 5. Nematods |
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Who are the deuterstomes?
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1. Cephalochordates
2. Urochordates 3. Vertebrates |
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What are the 4 traits that link all chordates? Why do we all have them?
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1. Phargeal gill slits
2. Notochord 3. Dorsal, nerve cord 4. Postanal Tail 5. We have them because we share a common ancestor. |
