Biology Objective Sheet: Unit 9, Digestion

Front 1

Digestive function for bile:

Back 1

Required for fat digestion and secreted from the gallbladder into the small intestine. It emulsifies the fat by carrying negative charges, which coat the fat and cause the coated particles to separate from each other. This allows the lipase more surface area to digest the fat.

Front 2

Digestive function for colon:

Back 2

Also known as the large intestine. All material not absorbed in the small intestine goes to the colon, where it is concentrated and made into feces (water, undigested/absorbed stuff, basteria). It then contracts to move the feces downwards-water moves out of the colon through osmosis during this.

Front 3

Digestive function of the esophagus:

Back 3

It connects the pharynx (entrance to esophagus from mouth) to the stomach. It contracts and propels food past a sphincter, into the mouth.

Front 4

Digestive function of the gallbladder:

Back 4

Stores and concentrates bile, which the liver secretes to help break down fat.

Front 5

Digestive function of hydrochloric acid:

Back 5

One of the substances that makes up gastric fluid, which is a high-acid substance that, when combined with the stomach contractions, turns food into chyme

Front 6

Digestive function of Large intestine:

Back 6

See colon

Front 7

Digestive function of lipase:

Back 7

A fat-digesting enzyme, whose molecules only digest the outside of a fat globule. (see bile for related substance)

Front 8

Digestive functin of liver:

Back 8

Secretes bile (see bile)

Front 9

Digestive function of maltase:

Back 9

Part of intestinal juice (along with peptidase), digests maltose into glucose (finishes carbohydrate digestion)

Front 10

Digestive function of oral cavity:

Back 10

(mouth) Entrance to the digestive system, food is moistened and chewed, salivary amylases are secreted and polysaccharide digestion starts

Front 11

Digestive function of the pancreas:

Back 11

Secretes enzymes breaking down all major food molecules (digests to monosaccharides, monoglycerides, free fatty scids, free amino acids, mucleotides, nucleotide bases), and bicarbonate, which helps neutralize HCI from the stomach,

Front 12

Digestive function of pancreatic amylase:

Back 12

Digests starch into maltose

Front 13

Digestive function of pepsin:

Back 13

Causes proteins to turn into small peptides, comes from pepsinogen

Front 14

Digestive function of pepsinogen:

Back 14

It is secreted by glands into the stomach, where it turns into pepsin (so as to prevent it from digesting the stomach lining):

Front 15

Digestive function of proteinase:

Back 15

breaks down proteins into simpler compounds

Front 16

Digestive function of saliva:

Back 16

Contains salivary amylase, mucins, water, and a buffer (bicarbonate, or HCO3-)

Front 17

Digestive function of salivary amylase:

Back 17

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides and polysaccharides

Front 18

Digestive function of salivary glands:

Back 18

Produce and secrete saliva into the mouth

Front 19

Digestive function of the small intestine:

Back 19

Duodenum:

Front 20

Digestive function of the sphincter:

Back 20

?

Front 21

Digestive function of the stomach:

Back 21

Stretched to store food taken in faster than can be processed, gastric fluid mizes with food and kills pathogens, protein digestion begins (pepsin)

Front 22

Digestive function of the teeth:

Back 22

Reduces size of food for better chemical digestion later

Front 23

Digestive function of Trypsin:

Back 23

protein-digesting enzyme

Front 24

Digestive function of villi:

Back 24

Capillaries: monosaccharides, amino acids, dipeptides are absorbed
Lacteals: fats are absorbed

Front 25

Digestive function of villus:

Back 25

Singular of villi

Front 26

absorption

Back 26

water and solute uptake into the internal environment

Front 27

Alveolus

Back 27

plural: alveoli, where lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 28

amino acid

Back 28

smaller part of polypeptide chain, organic compound with an H atom, amino group, acid gropu, and R group, all covalently bonded to a carbon atom.

Front 29

Assimilation

Back 29

the usage of absorbed nutrients to grow, reproduce, or repair

Front 30

carbohydrate

Back 30

Molecule of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio, normally mono-, oligo-, polysaccharides.

Front 31

Cellulose

Back 31

a complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of most plants

Front 32

Chyme

Back 32

liquefied food in the stomach (ew)

Front 33

deamination

Back 33

They way that proteins are used if one amino acid is evil or there is too much protein in the diet

Front 34

dehydration synthesis

Back 34

(condensation reaction, dehydration reaction),chemical reaction when two molecules react and become covalently bonded because of the loss of a water molecule

Front 35

Diffusion

Back 35

Movement of molecules or ions so that the concentration is even on both sides of some (penetratable) border - if there is less on one side and more on another, some will move from the more side to the less side to even it out

Front 36

Egestion

Back 36

removing waste from the digestive system (just waste? or other...)

Front 37

Emulsification

Back 37

What bile does, the breaking up of fats or oils into smaller pieces to be better chemically digested

Front 38

essential amino acid

Back 38

an amino acid that an organism cannot make itself and must be obtained from food

Front 39

excretion

Back 39

the removal of waste materials from the body (NOT the digestive system...that's egestion)

Front 40

extracellular

Back 40

located outside of a cell

Front 41

fat-soluble vitamin

Back 41

a vitamin that is soluble in fats (duh)

Front 42

Feces

Back 42

unabsorbed substances, water, bacteria, that has been concentrated in the colon

Front 43

Fiber

Back 43

A substance in fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested, but helps to keep the feces soft for easier movement down the colon

Front 44

Glucose

Back 44

A simple sugar, how the entire body uses complex carbs as energy, the body's main energy source

Front 45

Glycogen

Back 45

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, polysaccharide made of glucoses linked together

Front 46

Homeostasis

Back 46

A state where the environment is maintained such that cell activity is possible

Front 47

Insulin

Back 47

A pancreatic hormone that lowers glucose levels in blood

Front 48

Kidney

Back 48

An organ that filters metabolic waste, excess minerals out of blood and forms urea (see urea)

Front 49

Lipid

Back 49

Any type of fat, grease, or oil. A lipid functions as a storage form of energy and is used to form membranes.

Front 50

Lung

Back 50

Internal respiratory organ made up of branches of alveoli where carbon dioxide and oxygen are diffused from alveoli to the bloodstream (through capillaries)

Front 51

Maltose

Back 51

A disaccharide formed when two units of glucose are linked-it is digested by the enzyme maltase

Front 52

Metabolic waste

Back 52

Any type of waste not used after a metabolic reaction-in human, it is CO2 and water

Front 53

Mineral

Back 53

Any element/inorganic compound formed by natural geologic processes and is required for normal cell functioning

Front 54

Monosaccharide

Back 54

The simplest carbohydrate-i.e. glucose

Front 55

Nutrient

Back 55

An element with a role in metabolism that no other element fills

Front 56

Peristalsis

Back 56

Waves of contraction and relaxation in tubular or saclike organs

Front 57

Pharynx

Back 57

An entrance to the esophagus and trachea from the mouth

Front 58

Polysaccharide

Back 58

Chain of covalently linked sugar units (i.e. cellulose, starch, glycogen), carbohydrate

Front 59

Protein

Back 59

Organic compound of one or more polypeptide chains (folded and twisted)

Front 60

Saturated fat

Back 60

A fat with single covalent bonds between its carbons-it stays solid at room temperature, and is the fat that can cause harm by clogging arteries, etc. (it is harder to eliminate)

Front 61

Unsaturated fat

Back 61

A fat that is liquid at room temperature, with double bonds-it does not cause as much harm as saturated fat

Front 62

Urea

Back 62

The chemical substance taken out of blood by the kidneys. Depending on the person's water level, it will be mixed with some amount of water to form urine

Front 63

ureter

Back 63

one of two tubes that bring urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Front 64

urethra

Back 64

A tube that conducts urine from the bladder to an opening on the outside of the body

Front 65

Urinary bladder

Back 65

The sac where urine is stored before being excreted

Front 66

Vitamin

Back 66

An organic substance that an organism requires in small amounts for metabolism but generally cannot make itself

Front 67

Water-soluble vitamin

Back 67

A vitamin soluble in water