Biology Myp

Front 1

Define prokaryotic cells.

Back 1

prokaryotes lack a distinct cell nucleus and their DNA is not organized into chromosomes. They also lack the internal structures bound by membranes called organelles, such as mitochondria.

Front 2

Define eukaryotic cells.

Back 2

with a nucleus.

Front 3

Define plasma membrane.

Back 3

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

Front 4

Define cytoplasm.

Back 4

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Front 5

Define nucleus.

Back 5

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

Front 6

Define mitochondria.

Back 6

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Front 7

Define endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 7

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Front 8

Define golgi bodies.

Back 8

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

Front 9

Define vesicle.

Back 9

a small organelle within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane.

Front 10

Define cell wall.

Back 10

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Front 11

Define chloroplasts.

Back 11

a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Front 12

Define central vacuole.

Back 12

a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.

Front 13

What is the source of energy for animals?

Back 13

Glycogen.

a substance deposited in the bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates.

Front 14

What is the source of energy for plants?

Back 14

Starch.

storage of carbohydrates in the plant cells.

Front 15

State the multicellular chain of life.

Back 15

Organelles to cells to tissue to organ to organ system to organism.

Front 16

Name an organ system and the main organs it is composed of.

Back 16

Reproductive system.

Respiratory system.

Circulatory system.

heart, lungs

Digestive system.

stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas

Front 17

Why is an erythrocyte a specialised cell?

Back 17

biconcave without a nucleus for greatest surface area.

contains haemoglobin.

flexible.

Front 18

Why is a muscle cell a specialised cell?

Back 18

contains protein fibres which allow muscle to contract.

Front 19

Why are guard cells specialised cells?

Back 19

they are able to control the opening and closing of the stomata by using turgor pressure.

Front 20

Why are xylem cells specialised cells?

Back 20

dead cylinder shaped cells, only the cell wall remains.

allows water and minerals to pass through the plant.

Front 21

Define semi permeable membrane.

Back 21

type of biological membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion"

Front 22

Define diffusion.

Back 22

the passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.

Front 23

Name the factors effecting the rate of diffusion.

Back 23

temperature, mass of molecule, extent of concentration gradient, surface area, solubility, distance travelled.

Front 24

Define osmosis.

Back 24

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from higher water concentration to a lower water concentration - or down a concentration gradient.

Front 25

Define flaccid.

Back 25

drooping or inelastic through lack of water.

Front 26

Define turgid.

Back 26

swollen and distended or congested.

Front 27

Define plasmolysis.

Back 27

contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

Front 28

Define active transport.

Back 28

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Front 29

Where does active transport take place?

Back 29

in and put of the cell

Front 30

What is the human circulatory system?

Back 30

the system in the body by which blood and lymph are circulated. The parts of the circulatory system include the heart, along with all the arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Front 31

Diagram of the heart.

Back 31

Front 32

Define artery.

Back 32

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.

Front 33

Describe the structure of an artery.

Back 33

thick wall

fast flow of blood

high pressure

Front 34

Define a vein.

Back 34

any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart.

Front 35

Describe the structure of a vein.

Back 35

thin wall

slow blood flow

low pressure

valves prevent backflow

Front 36

Define a capillary.

Back 36

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

Front 37

Describe the structure of a capillary.

Back 37

very thin wall (1 cell)

slow blood flow

low pressure

Front 38

What are the main components of blood?

Back 38

red blood cells (45%)

white blood cells and platelets(5%)

plasma (55%)

Front 39

Define white blood cell (leukocyte)

Back 39

cells of the immune system that defend the body against various infectious diseases and foreign materials.

Front 40

What are the types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

Back 40

lympocytes

phagocytes

Front 41

Define plasma.

Back 41

the colourless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended

Front 42

Define platelets.

Back 42

a small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

Front 43

Define pathogen.

Back 43

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Front 44

Define toxin.

Back 44

a poison of plant or animal origin, especially one produced by or derived from microorganisms and acting as an antigen in the body.

Front 45

Define lymphocyte.

Back 45

a type of white blood cell which produces antibodies to fight pathogens.

Front 46

Define phagocyte.

Back 46

a type of white blood cell which engulfs and destroys pathogens.

Front 47

Define antigen.

Back 47

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Front 48

Define immune system.

Back 48

the organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins. Organs include the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

Front 49

Where are the immune system centres located in the body?

Back 49

spleen, thymus, bone marrow and tonsils.

Front 50

What is coronary heart disease? (atherosclerosis)

Back 50

is when your coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty material within their walls.

Front 51

How can coronary heart disease be prevented?

Back 51

no smoking, exercise, healthy diet, healthy weight

Front 52

What is the treatment for coronary heart disease?

Back 52

lifestyle changes, medicine to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, surgery

Front 53

What is anaemia?

Back 53

a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.

Front 54

How can anaemia be prevented?

Back 54

choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients, including: Iron. Iron-rich foods include beef and other meats, beans, lentils and dried fruit.

Front 55

What is the treatment for anaemia?

Back 55

some people may just need to adjust their diet and take supplements of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12.

Front 56

Immediate changes to the transport system during exercise.

Back 56

increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, blood diverted to muscles, eg it is diverted from the digestive system to the muscles, blood temperature rises, blood vessels near skin open to allow heat to be lost.

Front 57

Effects of regular exercise on the transport system during exercise.

Back 57

Increased volume of blood and red blood cells, cardiac output increases, reduced risk of heart disease, lower resting heart rate.

Front 58

What happens when you inhale?

Back 58

the intercostal muscles contract

the diaphragm contracts

pressure inside the chest is lowered

air is sucked into the lungs.

Front 59

When happens when you exhale?

Back 59

the intercostal muscles relax

diaphragm relaxes

pressure inside the chest increases

air is forced out.

Front 60

Label the breathing system.

Back 60

Front 61

Define alveoli.

Back 61

a small cell containing air in the lungs, a sac-like dilation of the alveolar ducts in the lung

Front 62

Define pleural membrane.

Back 62

One of the two membranes around the lungs. These twomembranes are called the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura envelops the lung, and the parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall.

Front 63

Define pleural fluid.

Back 63

the fluid that is found between the layers of the pleura

Front 64

Define trachea.

Back 64

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Front 65

Define larynx.

Back 65

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

Front 66

Define epiglottis.

Back 66

a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

Front 67

Define diaphragm.

Back 67

a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

Front 68

Define ribs.

Back 68

One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax.

Front 69

Define intercostal muscles.

Back 69

muscles between the ribs; theycontract during inspiration

Front 70

Define mouth.

Back 70

the opening through which an animal or human takes in food.

Front 71

Define bronchus.

Back 71

any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the trachea.

Front 72

Define bronchioles.

Back 72

any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides.

Front 73

Define nasal passage.

Back 73

A channel for airflow through the nose.

Front 74

Describe the structure of an alveolus.

Back 74

'grape like' structure,covered in capillaries so there is a continuous supply of blood, ensuring a high concentration gradient, moist, thin walls

Front 75

State the word equation of respiration.

Back 75

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy)

Front 76

Define sexual reproduction.

Back 76

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

Front 77

Advantages of sexual reproduction.

Back 77

more genetic variation

offsrping are different to their parents

produce more offspring

Front 78

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

Back 78

slower reproduction rate

less reliable reproduction

takes time and energy to find a mate

Front 79

Diagram of female reproductive system.

Back 79

Front 80

Diagram of male reproductive system.

Back 80

Front 81

Define fertilisation.

Back 81

the action or process of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Front 82

Define copulation.

Back 82

sexual intercourse.

Front 83

Define ejaculation.

Back 83

the action of ejecting semen from the body.

Front 84

Define ovulation.

Back 84

one part of the female menstrual cycle whereby a mature ovarian follicle discharges an egg.

Front 85

Define menstruation.

Back 85

the process in a woman of discharging blood and other material from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until the menopause

Front 86

Define embryo.

Back 86

an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

Front 87

Define foetus.

Back 87

an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular, an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception.

Front 88

Define oestrogen.

Back 88

any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body

Front 89

Define progesterone.

Back 89

a steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

Front 90

Define LH.

Back 90

a hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that, in the female, stimulates maturation of the ovarian follicle and formation of the corpus luteum

Front 91

Define FSH.

Back 91

a peptide, produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that regulates the development of the Graafian follicle in the female and stimulates the production of spermatozoa in the male

Front 92

Describe the menstrual cycle.

Back 92

Front 93

Diagram of developing foetus.

Back 93

Front 94

What is the placenta?

Back 94

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

Front 95

What does the placenta do? How?

Back 95

provides oxygen and nutrients to baby and removes waste. By diffusion.

Front 96

Causes of infertility.

Back 96

testes do not produce enough fertile sperm, ducts are blocked

eggs do not develop, fallopian tubes are blocked.

Front 97

Infertility treatments.

Back 97

IVF, artificial insemination, surrogacy, ovary transplants

Front 98

Define variation.

Back 98

the difference in characteristic or traits of the members of a species.

Front 99

Examples of concious variation.

Back 99

weight, height, foot length.

Front 100

Examples of dis concious variation.

Back 100

gender, eye colour, skin colour, blood type

Front 101

Examples of inherited variation.

Back 101

hair colour, eye colour, skin colour

Front 102

Examples of environmental variation.

Back 102

language, religion

Front 103

Define DNA.

Back 103

deoxyribonucleic acid, present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Front 104

Structure of DNA.

Back 104

double helix

Front 105

Four bases of DNA.

Back 105

adenine, thymine

cytosine, guarine

Front 106

Define mitosis.

Back 106

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Front 107

Stages of mitosis.

Back 107

parent cell, chromosomes make copies of themselves, similar ones pair up, move apart, cell separates, two new cells

Front 108

Define meiosis.

Back 108

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Front 109

Stages of meiosis.

Back 109

parent cell, chromosomes make copies of themselves, similar ones pair up, move apart, cell separates, two new cells, cells divide again.

Front 110

Define allele.

Back 110

each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Front 111

Define recessive.

Back 111

relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes which are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents.

Front 112

Define dominant.

Back 112

a dominant trait or gene.

Front 113

Define homozygous.

Back 113

having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.

Front 114

Define heterozygous.

Back 114

having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic

Front 115

Define carrier.

Back 115

an organism that carries a gene for a trait but does not show the trait itself

Front 116

Define phenotype.

Back 116

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Front 117

Define genotype.

Back 117

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Front 118

Define test cross.

Back 118

a way to explore the genotpye of an organism.

Front 119

Chromosomes that determine sex.

Back 119

male, XY

female, XX

Front 120

Define natural selection.

Back 120

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Front 121

Define artificial selection.

Back 121

the breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits.

Front 122

Define what the binomial naming system is.

Back 122

the system used to name species. Each species is given a name that consists of two parts. The first part is the Genus to which the species belongs and the second part is the species name.

Front 123

Name the five kingdoms.

Back 123

animalia, plantae, fungi, prokaryotae, protoctista

Front 124

Function of the human digestive system.

Back 124

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the body. Digestion happens inside the gut, and relies on enzymes.

Front 125

Structure of the human digestive system.

Back 125

Front 126

Role of digestive enzymes.

Back 126

break down molecules so that they can be digested

Front 127

Where is amylase found and what does it break down?

Back 127

starch → sugars

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

Front 128

Where is protease found and what does it break down?

Back 128

proteins → amino acids

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

Front 129

Where is lipase found and what does it break down?

Back 129

lipids → fatty acids + glycerol

pancreas, small intestine

Front 130

Factors affecting rate of enzyme reaction.

Back 130

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

Front 131

How do enzymes work?

(lock and key)

Back 131

Front 132

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

Back 132

the active site of an enzyme changes so that the substrate no longer fits. Causes reactions to stop.

Front 133

What causes an enzyme to denature?

Back 133

high temperatures and extremes of pH. Both high temperatures and extremes of pH change the bonds between amino acids in the enzyme, so changing its shape.

Front 134

Location of central nervous system

Back 134

the brain and spinal cord

Front 135

Role of CNS.

Back 135

gathers information about, and responds to, changes in the environment.

Front 136

Location of peripheral nervous system

Back 136

nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS

Front 137

Role of PNS.

Back 137

carry impulses from the receptors to the CNS, as well as impulses from the CNS to the effectors.

Front 138

Structure of motor neuron.

Back 138

Front 139

Define homoeostasis.

Back 139

the tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Front 140

What conditions must be controlled?

Back 140

body temperature, water content, carbon dioxide level, and blood sugar level

Front 141

Define thermoregulation.

Back 141

the process that allows the human body to maintain its core internal temperature.

Front 142

How is temperature controlled?

Back 142

glands under the skin secrete sweat, hairs, vasodilation or vasoconstriction

Front 143

What organ controls blood glucose levels?

Back 143

pancreas

produces insulin

Front 144

What does insulin do?

Back 144

causes glucose to move from the blood into cells

Front 145

Explain the control of blood sugar levels in humans.

Back 145

too high: pancreas produces insulin

too low: pancreas stops producing insulin

Front 146

Name the main structures of the plant and their purpose.

Back 146

shoot system (leaves, photosynthesis)

flower (reproduction)

root system ( storage and water absorption)

Front 147

Define transpiration.

Back 147

the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata

Front 148

How does water move up in the plant?

Back 148

root pressure

Front 149

Define root pressure.

Back 149

osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves

Front 150

What does the xylem consist of?

Back 150

parenchyma cells, fiber cells and tracheary elements.

Front 151

Where does the xylem move water to?

Back 151

the shoot system (up)

Front 152

What is the phloem responsible for?

Back 152

transport of nutrients and minerals made in the leaves.

Front 153

How does the phloem transport nutrients?

Back 153

active translocation

Front 154

What does the phloem consist of?

Back 154

sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma cells, phloem fibers.

Front 155

Where are guard cells found?

Back 155

Each stomata is bordered by there specialized parenchyma cells.

Front 156

What do the guard cells do?

Back 156

control the opening and closing of the stomata. Control transpiration.

Front 157

How do the guard cells open?

Back 157

potassium ions come in from epidermal cells, water diffuses, guard cell expands.

Front 158

How do the guard cells close?

Back 158

potassium ions transported out, water follows, guard cell is limp and closes.

Front 159

Factors effecting rate of transpiration.

Back 159

light, temperature, humidity, wind, soil water.

Front 160

Structure and function of the parts of a flower.

Back 160

Front 161

Insect pollinated plants.

Back 161

bright flowers, scented, stigma inside flower, nectar, moderate amount of pollen.

Front 162

Structure of dicotyledonous seed.

Back 162

Front 163

Wind pollinated plants.

Back 163

small petals, no scent, lots of pollen, stigma outside flower, anthers loosely attached.