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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What some general characteristics that distinguish animals from other types of organisms?
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-Multicellular
-Hetertrophic -Aerobic Metabolism -Do Not Have Cell Walls -Capable of Sexual Reproduction -Motile -Life cyles that include Development from Undifferentiated Cells |
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What are some different ways that animals are classified by characteristics?
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-Symmetry
-# of tissue layers in the embryo -Presence or absence of Coelom -Presence or absence of segmentation |
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Define asymmetric.
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no particular symmetry, no equal havles, thirds and so on
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Define radial symmetry.
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animals are circularly organized such as jelly fish or star fish
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Define bilateral symmetry
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left and right halves are mirrored this creates not only a front and back of a body but also a right and left
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Animal embryos can have up to ____ tissue layers. They are each called what?
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3
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm |
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What are each of the embryo layers roles in the body?
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Ectoderm- skin
Mesoderm- muscles and bones Endoderm- intestines |
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Sponges and other animals like them are said to have ___ tissue layer in the embryo.
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1
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Cnidaria are one class of animals with a _____ level of organization meaning they have ____ germ layers the endoderm and ectoderm.
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Tissue, 2
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Even more advanced animals have _____ germ layers and a _____ organization.
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3, Organ
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What are some traits that advanced through evolution in the order in which they would have appeared?
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...Radial symmetry -> bilateral symmetry with head and tail ends
...incomplete digestive track, mouth and anus same with sack-like gut --> complete digestive track with mouth and seperate anus ...no coelom --> false coelom --> true coelom ...unsegmented body --> segments |
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What is the evolution of animals (type of animal)?
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Cniadarians --> Flatworms --> Roundworms --> Mollusks --> Annelids --> Arthropods
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What are the primary three tissue layers and their main functions?
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Endoderm- means inside or within is makes up many organs including the intestines
Mesoderm- means middle it makes up many of the muscles and bones of the body Ectoderm- means outside and makes up the skin, hair, and nails of a body |
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What is the coelom and what are some of the advantages to have one?
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A body cavity which is completely lined with cells derived from the mesoderm.
... holds internal organs in place ... increases complexity of organs ... independent movement of internal organs and body ... internal fluid can protect internal enviroment and aid in movement of materials ... hydrostatic skeleton possible |
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Define segementation.
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Having series of repeating body units that many be similar to one another along the length of the body.
Allows specialized development of appendages and enhanced speed of evolution. |
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Define Cephalization.
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Development of head structure, containing specialized sensory and feeding appendages.
Helps with finding and obtaining food source. |
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What are the four types of animal tissue?
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Epithelial- mostly what you see in the mirror, also internal tubes and cavities such as blood vessels and gut
Connective- comprised of cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood Muscle- three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Nervous- composed of neurons which react to body sense and outside changes |
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Define homeostasis.
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maintenance of internal conditions by means of self-regulating mechanisms
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Define negative feedback.
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deviation from normal conditions is detected, conditions within the body are altered to bring the condition back to normal level.
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Define positive feedback.
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the response to some change from "normal" to more normal
ex. childbirth |
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Identify in order the major components of the mammalian digestive track.
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Mouth > Esophagus > Stomach > Accessory Organs > Small Intestine > Large Intestine
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What is the major function of the mouth?
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food is moistened and chewed; breakdown of polysaccharide begins
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What is the major function of the esophagus?
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moves food from pharynx to stomach
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What is the major functions of saliva?
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lubricating food
initiation of starch digestion oral hygiene evaporative cooling |
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What is the major funtion of the stomach?
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short term food storage
digestion of protiens slow release of food into intestine secretes ghrelin (appetite simulator) |
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What is the major function of the first part of the small intestine?
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recieves secretions from accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
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What is the major function of the second part of the small intestine?
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where most of the nutrients are digested and absorbed
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What is the major function of the third part of the small intestine?
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delivers unabsorbed materials to the large intestine
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What is the major function of the large intestine (colon)?
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concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions and water
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What are the sections of the large intestine called?
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ascending, transverse, and descending
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Where does each of these digestions take place:
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipid Nucleic Acid |
Carbs- Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine
Protein- Stomach, Small Intestine Lipid- Small Intestine Nucleic Acid- Small Intestine |
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To study the adaptations of animals to their diets remember
Birds- beak size and shape Teeth sizes, shapes, and placement |
Refer to pg 619 for more information
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What is the role of bile and where is it produced?
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It is produced in the liver and secreted into the intestine via the gall bladder. It is basically a natural soap that allows an enzyme to function more effciently.
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What two systems have a good control over the digestive system?
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The nervous and endrocrine systems
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What is peristalsis?
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one way movement of materials through the digestive tract, propelled by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
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What are the secretions from the endocrine systems that aid in digestion?
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Gastrin- stimulates production and release of HCl
Cholecystokinin- response to presence of fat and amino acids, stimulates bile acids and enzymes from pancreas Secretin- stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to buffer the acidic stomach fluids |
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What are the two classes of vitamins?
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Water soluble and fate soluble
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What is the def. of a vitamin?
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organic compound that cannot be produced within the body of an organism that requires it
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What is the def. of a mineral?
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inorganic compound that organisms' need but cannont make themselves
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What does vitamin A do for us and what happens if we don't have enough?
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visual pigments, bone, and teeth
dry scaly skin, blindness, low resistance to infection hair loss, change in skin, liver and bone damage |
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What does vitamin D do for us and what happens if we don't have enough?
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bone growth, enhances calcium absorption
rickets (bone deformities), bone softening retarded growth, kidney damage, calcium deposits in soft tissue |
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what does vitamin E do for us and what happens if we don't have enough?
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helps maintain cell membranes, blocks breakdown of A & D in gut
nerve damage, lysis red blood cells muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea |
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What does vitamin K do for us and what happens if we don't have enough?
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blood clotting, ATP formation
abnormal clotting, servere bleeding anemia, liver damage and jaundice |
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What is the difference between a closed and open circulatroy system?
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An open circulatory system is where a heart not like the human heart pumps blood through a system that is not connected fully. The blood passes through tissue spaces and mingles with fluids before returning to heart.
A closed system has a heart with 2, 3 or 4 chambers that sends blood through a fully connected system before returning to the heart. |
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What is the difference between the hearts with 2, 3, and 4 chambers?
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2- blood flows through the heart to get momentum to continue through the rest of the body, oxygen is picked up in the capillary beds (gills)
3- blood enters through the right atrium and then into the single ventricle where it mixes with oxygenated blood coming from the lungs. The blood travels through the lungs and out the ventricle into the left atrium and out into the rest of the body. 4- blood has a chamber for each process in the heart allowing for the most effecient of the systems |
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Trace blood through the circulatory system.
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beginning in the right atrium blood is pumped in to the right ventricle pushed through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. After the lungs blood flows through the pulmonary veins into the left ventricle where it is them pushed into the left artium. After this blood leaves the heart through the arteries travels through the body and capillary bed into the vein where is travels back to the heart
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What is the function of red blood cells?
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oxygen and carbon dioxide transport to and from the lungs
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What is the function of the white blood cells?
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alarm when viruses and bacteria attack the body
eat dead cells and nonself particles |
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What is the function of the platelets found in blood?
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blood clotting
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
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Return extra fluid to the circulatory system
transport digested fat to the circulartory system protect body from disease |
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What are the major organs in the lymphatic system?
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Lymph nodes
spleen Thymus gland bone marrow |
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Define immunity.
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The ability of the body to defend itself against foreign cells and abnormal body cells such as cancer.
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What is the difference between specific and nonspecific defense?
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SD- only works against one type of disease causing agent.
--antibody & antigen reactions --B-cells work for only one pathagen called an antigen NSD- works against every type of pathogen but doesn't always fix it on its own --preventing entry (skin and mucus membranes) --inflammatory reactions (white blood cells eating bad cells, fever) --NK cells (natural killer which kills other cells no matter which they are) |
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Where are T-cells and B-cells born and matured?
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Both are born in bone marrow
B-cells mature in bone marrow while T-cells mature in the thymus gland |
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What is a b-cells main function?
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The B-cell creates and stores the identity of one antibody for one certian pathogen.
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What is a t-cells main function?
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helping the B-cell to know what to do and find bad cells to infect and destory
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What happens when a person contracts HIV?
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It infects T-cells telling them that the HIV virus is okay and belongs in the body as it eats away at it
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What is the structual and functional relationships between the respiratory and circulatory systems?
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The veins and arteries run very close to the lungs and interact with the pieces of the respiratory system by supplying nutrients and such.
The lungs are espcially connected because the capillary supplying the blood with oxygen are hooked to the alveolar sacs in the lungs |
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Where is oxygen held in the blood cell and where is carbon dioxide held on the way back to the lungs?
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Oxygen is diffused into the red blood cell and onto the hemoglobin where it is carried to the rest of the body.
When the carbon dioxide is picked up from the body the blood stores it in plasma as bicarbonate and brings it to be exhaled during respiration |
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What was the affect of different chemicals on the daphnia?
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caffine- increases
hotter- increases colder- decreases ethanol- decreases cigarettes- increases |
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What is the basic function of the endocrine system?
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The negative feedback center of the body. The endocrine system helps to regulate everything in the body and keep it running at normal.
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What is the basic function of the reproductive system?
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To produce offspring!
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What is the basic function of the urinary system?
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Filters the blood and other fluids of the body to remove impurities and return those needed to the body.
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What is a hormone?
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Organic chemicals produced by one set of cells and act on another set of cells
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What are the two types of hormones?
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Steriod (long term) and peptide (short term)
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How do steriod hormones work?
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They are lipids so they pass through the cell wall easily. They find their receptor and then direct the synthesis of new proteins (this is a slow moving process)
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How do peptide hormones work?
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They activate existing enzymes on the cell membrane. The cause the beginning of an enzyme cascade.
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What are the hormone response steps?
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Reception- recognized by cell eiter inside or out
Transduction- activates a set of intermediary complexes Induction- cell begins doing task |
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What are some key components of the endocrine system? And what do they secret?
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Hypothalamus- ADH
Pituitary Gland- -----Anterior >FSH & LH -----Posterior>Oxytocin Adrenal Gland- adrenaline Testes- testosterone Ovaries- estrogen & progesterone Pancreas- insulin & glucagon |
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What is the major function of the pancreas and the hormones it secretes?
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The job is to control blood sugar levels. It does this by the two hormones, insulin and glucagon. Insulin is secreted during intake of glucose and lowers blood sugar levels glucagon is secreted to raise blood sugar levels. These two hormones work with the liver and the muscles.
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Explain the hormones not made by the reproductive system important to reproduction.
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GnRH- tells the pituitary gland to make LH and FSH
LH- control testosterone and progesterone FSH- Promotes makeing sperm, egg development and estrogen production |
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What major organ is used in osmostic regulation?
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The kidney
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Explain the nephron path in the kidney.
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The nephron takes everything out of the blood and then filters back in the good things they the body needs. Next it takes the bad stuff and whats leftover filters out the water as it moves down the loop of the nephron. As the fluid travels back up the water cannont escape and then as it travels out of the kidney once again more water is filtered out and rest become urine.
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What are the main parts of the kidney?
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Bowman cap, proximal and distle convoluted tube, loop of henle, collecting duct
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What are the main functions of the nephron?
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Glomerular Filtration- takes everything out of blood
Tubular Reabsorbance- puts back good parts Tubular Secretion- active transport wastes into nephron |
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What are the three different neurons?
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Sensory-detect stimuli, then signal other cells in response
Inter- intergrate sensory signals and activate or suppress motor neurons Motor- signal effectors, the muscles and glands that can carry out responses Inter- |
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What are the basic parts of a neuron?
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Cell body, dendrite, trigger zone, axon, axon endings
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What is a chemical synapse?
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region where signals from a neuron's axon endings are recieved and transduced.
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What is the cell to cell communication steps?
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Signal Reception
Signal Transduction Cellular response |
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Explain resting potential through the change into action potential and back.
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Neuron cell starts at -70mV with more Na+ on the outside and more K- on the inside. When a charge ignites the cell the Na+ ions come into the neuron causing a postive charge on the inside and negative on the outside. This stimulates the neuron next to it and so on down the line. To return the cell to normal when it reaches about +40mV the Na+ quit coming and in and K- begin to enter. To even further normalize the cell the soduim potassuim pump begins to actively transport ions outside the neuron
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Determine which receptor each of the five senses uses.
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Smell-Chemoreceptors
Taste-Chemoreceptors Touch-Mechanoreceptors Hear-Mechanoreceptors See- Photoreceptors |
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What are the three types of skeletons and give an example of each one.
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Hydrostatic- jelly fish
Exoskeleton- crabs Endoskeleon- humans |
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What are the three types of muscles and what are their location and function?
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Smooth- found in the arteries, veins, and most organs
functions: controlled constrictions, motility, arterial blood flow Cardiac- found on the heart wall functions: forcefully pump blood through circulatory system Skeletal- partnered with bones, move the skeleton function: locomotion, posture, head and limb movements |
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What is the basic function of the sarcomere?
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Contraction
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What is each sarcomere made up of?
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A thin filament called actin, a thick filament called myosin and a z band holding them together. The two filaments slide together to make a contraction. Neither change size or shape.
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What is the role of ATP and calcium in the sliding filament theory?
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ATP provides energy for the filaments to slide and calcium ignites the reaction
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