Biology Midterms

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Biology

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The study of life

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Cell

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The basic unit of all life

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Homostasis

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The regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life.

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Stimulus

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Anything in an organism’s environment that causes a response.

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Response

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Reaction to a stimulus.

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Innate Behavior

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A behavior performed by all members of a species, even if they have never been taught the behavior. Example: The digger wasps raised in isolation were able to build nests the same way as digger wasps in the wild.

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Habituation

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Learning to no longer respond to a stimulus, because you have become used to it. Example: We usually don’t notice ticking clocks after a while. We hear the sound constantly, and we become used to it, so we no longer respond to it.

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Fixed-Action Pattern

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A behavior performed as a series of steps that must be completed from beginning to end. Example: The Gray lag goose had to go through all of the steps of rolling her egg back into the next, even after the scientist had removed the egg.

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Imprinting

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A behavior that is learned during a specific period of time in one’s life.

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Classical Conditioning

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Learning to associate an otherwise meaningless object with a reward.Example: Pavlov trained his dogs to associate the ringing of a bell with being fed.

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Operant Conditioning

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Learning through the process of trial and error.

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Matter

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Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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Element

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A pure substance that can’t be broken down into anything else.

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Ionic Bond

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A bond that occurs when one atom gives an electron to another atom

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Covanent Bond

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A bond that occurs when two atoms share electrons.

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Ion

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The name given to an atom that has gained a negative or positive charge as a result of gaining or losing an electron.

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Adhesion

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The property of water molecules that causes them to stick to other surfaces.

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Cohesion

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The property of water molecules that causes them to stick to each other.

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Solution

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A uniform mixture of two or more substances.

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Solvent

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A substance (liquid) that dissolves another substance in a solution.

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Aqueous Solution

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A solution in which water is the solvent.

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Acid

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A chemical compound that adds H+ when added to an aqueous solution.

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Base

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A chemical compound that adds OH- when added to an aqueous solution.

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Buffer

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A substance that causes a solution to resist a change in pH when acids or bases are added.

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Organic Substances

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Substances containing the element carbon

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Hydrophobic

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Describes a substances that doesn't like water

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Unsaturated Fat

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A fat which has less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid tails. Contains at least 1 double bond.

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Saturated Fat

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A fat which has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in all 3 fatty acid tails.

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Selective-Permeability

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The feature of the plasma membrane that allows it to regulate which substances are able to get into and out of the cell.

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Diffusion

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The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

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Continuous movement of particles in a solution with no overall change in concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

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A type of diffusion in which transport proteins help to move particles across the plasma membrane.

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Isotonic Solution

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When a cell is in an isotonic solution, the solution has the same concentration of water and solutes as the cell. In this situation, the movement of water into and out of the cell is equal.

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Hypotonic Solution

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When a cell is in a hypotonic solution, the solution has a lower concentration of solute (and a higher concentration of water) than the cell does. In this situation, water will move into the cell at a greater rate (causing the cell to swell).

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Hypertonic Solution

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When a cell is in a hypertonic solution, the solution has a higher concentration of solute (and a lower concentration of water ) than the cell does. In this situation, water will move out of the cell at a greater rate (causing the cell to shrink).

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The Differences Between
Active and Passive Transport

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Active transport requires energy because it is the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient). Passive transport does not require energy, because it is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with the concentration gradient).

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Information to Know

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In a reaction involving an enzyme, the reactants are called substrates, and they bind to special areas of the enzyme called active sites

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Water

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o Water is considered a polar molecule because the hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge.
o The opposite charges in the water molecule are caused by an unequal sharing of the electrons in the covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms (Oxygen pulls harder on the electrons).
o Oxygen pulls harder on the electrons because oxygen has 8 positive protons in its nucleus, while hydrogen atoms only have 1 positive proton in their nucleus. Oxygen’s 8 protons are able to pull much harder on the electrons than hydrogen’s 1 proton can.

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Examples of Acids

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HBr
HCI
HI
HF

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Examples of Bases

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KOH
NaOH
LiOH

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Macromocules Include:

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o Carbohydrates (Made of sugar molecules. Make up starches, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycogen)
o Lipids (All lipids are hydrophobic. Make up fats, oils, steroids and waxes)
o Nucleic Acids (Made of nucleotides. Make up DNA and RNA)
o Proteins (Made of amino acids. Responsible for most day to day function of cells)

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Prokaryotic Cells

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• Have a plasma membrane
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Found in uni-cellular organisms
• Mostly consist of bacteria

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Eukaryotic Cells

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• Have a plasma membrane
• Have a nucleus
• Have membrane-bound organelles
• Found in all mulit-cellular organisms, and in some uni-cellular organisms
• Consist of mostly plant and animal cells
o Plant cells have special features such as a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole.

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The Plasma Membrane

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o Made of a phospholipid bilayer
o Regulates which substances are able to enter and leave the cell by its property of selective permeability.
o Helps the cell to maintain homeostasis
o Has transport proteins to help some substances cross the membrane
 2 types of transport proteins are channel proteins and carrier proteins

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Nucleus

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○ "Manger" of the cell
○ Contains most of the cell's DNA which stores information used to make proteins.
○ Surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope.
○ Chromatin, a complex DNA attached to protein, is spread throughout the nucleus

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Mitochondria

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○ Convert fuel particle (usually sugars) into usable forms of energy for the cell.
○ Known as the "power house" or "energy generator" of the cell.
○ Contain highly folded inner membrane which provides a large surface area for breaking down sugars into energy.

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Ribosomes

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○ The organelles that manufacture proteins
○ Made of RNA and protein.
○ Not bound by membranes like other organelles.
○ Ribosomes are made in an area inside the nucleus called the nucleolus,
○ Some ribosomes float freely in cytoplasm, others are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

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Lysosome

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○ Organelles that contain enzymes that digest excess, or worn out organelles and food particles.
○ Lysosomes also digest bacteria and viruses that enter the cell.
○ Lysosomes can fuse with vacuoles, and release their enzymes into the vacuole to digest waste products.

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Vacuole

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○ A sac used to store food, enzymes and other material needed by the cell.
○ Some vacuoles store waste products
○ Animal cells usually do not have vacuoles, If they do, they are much smaller than those in plant cells.

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Nucleolus

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Ball-like mass of fibers and granules in a cell nucleus

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Golgi Apparatus

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○ Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages protein into sacs called vesicles.
○ Vesicles then attach to the plasma membrane to release proteins in to the environment outside of the cell.