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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method steps
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identify problem
research problem form hypothesis test hypothesis observe and record data state conclusion |
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educated guess
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hypothesis
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hypothesis well tested and supported by a range of observations
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theory
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using one of the senses to gather information
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observation
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things that remain unchanged in a situation
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control
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polar molecule
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uneven distribution of electrons
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nonpolar molecule
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even distribution of electrons
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Why do oil and water not mix?
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oil is nonpolar and hydrophobic
water is polar |
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attraction between molecules of the same substance
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cohesion
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attraction between molecules of different substances
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adhesion
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prevents surface of water from stretching or breaking
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surface tension
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active site is altered slightly so substrate can fit more snugly
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induced fit model of an enzyme
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where the substrate binds
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active site
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molecules that bind to the active site
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substrate
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unravels, loses shape and is no longer functional
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denatures
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characteristics of life
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cells
reproduce metabolism heredity homeostasis respond evolution |
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purpose of a microscope
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to examine materials usually invisible to the naked eye
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nucleus- where and function
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center of cell
holds DNA |
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prokaryotic cell
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no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, mainly bacteria
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eukaryotic cell
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nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mainly plants and animals
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animal cell
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many small vacuoles
only cell membrane no chloroplasts must consume food have centrioles |
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plant cell
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1-3 large vacuoles
cell membrane and cell wall chloroplasts make own food lack centrioles |
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cell specialization
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cells perform only certain tasks
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cell membrane composition
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phospholipid bilayer
proteins- carrier, channel, signalling |
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cell membrane function
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to allow certain molecules to enter and exit the cell
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embedded in cell membrane
have a pore for material to cross |
channel proteins
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can change shape to transport materials from one side of the cell membrane to the other
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carrier proteins
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has specific shape to bond with certain molecules (hormones) which cause a chemical reaction within the cell
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receptor protein
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movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration
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osmosis
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movement of small molecules from high to low concentration
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diffusion
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material being dissolved
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solute
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material doing the dissolving
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solvent
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the state when the concentration of molecules is the same all through a given space
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equilibrium
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water leaves the cell and cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall
result of being hypertonic |
plasmolysis
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membrane sac
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vesicle
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cell takes in material from the outside and forms a vesicle around the material
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endocytosis
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the taking in or movement of solids or fluids
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pinocytosis
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the movement of very large particles or whole cells
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phagocytosis
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cell releases materials outside the cell by joining a vesicle to the membrane and opening up, releasing the contents
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exocytosis
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ATP- what is it, how does it release energy?
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energy releasing molecule
releases energy when 3rd phosphorous bond is broken |
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limit to cell size- why?
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cell membrane can only get to a certain size
will then either lyse or divide |
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moves nutrients from one cell to another in a plant
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phloem
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moves water from roots to upper branches in a plant
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xylem
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purpose of light dependent reaction
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to produce ATP and NADPH
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purpose of Calvin cycle
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to turn H20 and CO2 into glucose
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splitting of water
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photolysis
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affects rate of photosynthesis?
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light intensity
CO2 concentration temperature |
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location of photosynthesis
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chloroplasts
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requires oxygen
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aerobic
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does not require oxygen
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anaerobic
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location of cellular respiration
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cytoplasm and mitochondria
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requirement of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
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pyruvic acid
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organisms that make their own food
need CO2 to survive plants and some bacteria |
autotrophs
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organisms that must consume food
need O2 to survive animals |
heterotrophs
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chromosones containing DNA and protein
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chromatid
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DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromatin
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proteins around which DNA is coiled
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histones
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held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
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guanine and cytosine
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held together by 2 hydrogen bonds
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adenine and thymine
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made of 5 carbon sugar (ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
monomer of DNA |
nucleotide
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nitrogen-containing
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nitrogenous
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nitrogenous base containing one ring
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pyridine
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nitrogenous base containing two rings
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purine
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shape of DNA
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double helix
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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causes protein to code differently because different bases are inserted into the DNA
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mutation
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steps of DNA replication
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DNA unzips
nucleotides attach to their complement results in two identical strands of DNA |
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breaks hydrogen bonds betweeen complementary base pairs
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helicase
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attaches complimentary base pairs
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DNA polymerase
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origins for replication
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replication forks
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used in transcription of RNA
single-stranded contains genetic code |
messenger RNA
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used in translation of RNA
blob shaped |
ribosomal RNA
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carries amino acids
pin shaped |
transfer RNA
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ribonucleic acid
synthesis of proteins |
RNA
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steps of transcription
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RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA |
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA all come together
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initiation- step one of translation
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tRNAs add their amino acids, codon by codon
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elongation- step two of translation
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stop codon is recognized and complete protein is released
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termination- step three of translation
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concentratrion of water is higher inside the cell
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hypotonic
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concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell
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hypertonic
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concentration of water and solutes are equal both inside and outside the cell
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isotonic
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function of carbohydrates
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immediate source of energy to the cells
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function of lipids
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cell membranes
cell messengers insulation long term energy storage |
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function of proteins
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chemical reactions
defense motion signals support transport |
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function of nucleic acids
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stores and transfers genetic information to make proteins
protein synthesis |
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whiplike structure used in cell movement (on sperm)
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flagella
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short hairlike structure used in cell movement (in throat)
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cilia
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projection of cytoplasm and following of cell, used in cell movement (pseudopod)
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amoeboid
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