Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
S phase
|
DNA is copied
|
|
G2
|
cell awaits division
|
|
Interphase
|
G1, S, G2
|
|
Prophase
|
chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nucleus disappears
|
|
Metaphase
|
chromosomes line up at equator
|
|
Anaphase
|
chromosomes separate
|
|
Telophase
|
cell membrane pinches in, chromosomes all on opposite sides of cell
|
|
Synapsis
|
Homologous chromosomes pair up
|
|
amino acids
|
building blocks of proteins
|
|
hypotonic solution
|
more water outside of cell
|
|
hypertonic solution
|
less water outside of cell
|
|
isotonic solution
|
equilibrium, movement of water into and out of cell, same amount on either side
|
|
Lactic Acid Fermentation
|
pyruvic acid to lactic acid
occurs when no oxygen present after glycolysis |
|
Proteins
example and function |
enzymes- control metabolic reactions, structural support
|
|
anabolic reaction
|
simple + simple to complex
|
|
catabolic reaction
|
complex to simple + simple
|
|
endocytosis
|
Process of bringing materials into cell, requires energy
|
|
Exocytosis
|
process of releasing materials out of cell, requires energy
|
|
Osmosis
|
passive transport, movement of water across cell membrane from high water conc. to low water conc.
|
|
Diffusion
|
passive transport, movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
passive transport from high conc. to low, with assistance of carrier proteins
|
|
Phospholipid
|
makes up cell membrane, polar head, non polar tail
|
|
Active transport
|
Transport across concentration gradient, requires energy
|
|
Passive Transport
|
transport down concentration gradient, does not require cell energy
|
|
Solute
|
substance that dissolves in another
|
|
Solvent
|
liquid that solutes dissolve in
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
chemicals used for communication between nerve cells
|
|
cytolysis
|
cell bursts
|
|
plasmolysis
|
cell shrinks
|
|
enzymes
|
proteins, used to catalyze reactions, lower activation energy
|
|
substrate
|
substance that an enzyme acts on, attaches to substrate at active site
|
|
ATP
|
adenosine triphosphate, store energy in bond of third phosphate
|
|
coenzyme
|
assists enzymes in controlling reactions, vitamins
|
|
Aerobic respiration
|
glycolysis,respiration, ETC, produces ATP
|
|
Alcoholic Fermentation
|
pyruvic acid-->alcohol + CO2
occurs after glycolysis when no oxygen present, ex. yeast |
|
Mitosis
|
division of diploid cells = 2 diploid daughter cells
|
|
Meiosis
|
division of diploid cell= 4 haploid cells, (meiosis I and meiosis II)
|
|
Sex chromosomes
|
X and Y
|
|
Autosomes
|
all chromosomes besides sex chromosomes, in a human body cell = 44
|
|
Down syndrome
|
Trisomy- 21, when an individual has an extra 21st chromosome
|
|
amniocentesis
|
procedure that analyzes fluid in sac that surrounds around fetus
|
|
karyotype
|
layout of an individuals chromosomes, each homologous chromosome pair together
|
|
Binary fission
|
cell division in prokaryotes, results in 2 identical cells
|
|
cytokinesis
|
division of the cytoplasm
|
|
G1
|
cell grows to mature size
|
|
Atoms
|
make up all living and nonliving things
|
|
Element
|
substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
|
|
Ion
|
charged particle
|
|
What are the three particles in an atom?
|
Proton (+), Neutron, Electron(-)
|
|
Compound
|
group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
weakest chemical bond
|
|
Ionic bond
|
formed between two ions of opposite charges
|
|
Covalent bond
|
when atoms share electrons
|
|
Base
|
substance with a pH between 7-14
ex. ammonia |
|
Acid
|
substance with a pH between 0-7
ex. lemon juice, stomach acid |
|
Carbohydrate
(example and function) |
cellulose, glycogen, glucose, starch
energy storage |
|
Lipids
examples and function |
fats, oils, steroids, waxes
structural support, energy storage |
|
Nucleic Acids
example and function |
DNA, RNA
store hereditary information |
|
Robert Hooke
|
first looked at cells- cork
|
|
Schlieden, Schwann, and Virchow
|
developed the cell theory
|
|
Cell Theory
|
1. cells arise from existing cells
2.cells are basic unit of function and structure 3. all living things made of cells |
|
Eukaryotes
|
have true nucleus, divide by mitosis and meiosis
|
|
Prokaryotes
|
no nucleus, one ring of DNA
divide by binary fission evolved to form eukaryotes |
|
Nucleus
|
control center of cell
|
|
Mitochondria
|
powerhouse of cell, respiration occurs here
|
|
Vacuole
|
stores water, food, wastes; larger in plant cells
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
packaging and storage of materials
|
|
Lysosomes
|
contains digestive enzymes
|
|
Cilia
|
short bristly hairs, used for movement, made of microtubules
|
|
Flagella
|
long extensions of cell membrane, made of microtubules, used for movement
|
|
cell membrane
|
composed of phospholipids and proteins, found in plant and animal cells, selectively permeable
|
|
Cell Wall
|
only in plant cell, contains cellulose, used for structural support
|
|
Ribosomes
|
site of protein synthesis
|
|
Endoplasmic reticulum
|
transport system in cell, with ribosomes = rough ER
without ribosomes= smooth ER |
|
Chloroplasts
|
site of photosynthesis, in plant cells, contains chlorophyll, are green
|
|
Scanning tunneling microscope
|
can view live specimens
|
|
Transmission electron microscope
|
high magnification and resolution, send electrons through sample
|
|
Scanning electron microscope
|
view specimen in 3-D
|
|
In order, state the steps of the scientific method.
|
observations, hypothesis, experiments, conclusion, theory
|
|
Biology
|
study of life
|