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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The male duct transports semen from the testes on out; while the female duct _______.
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transports eggs one way; sperm the other way.
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There is a mistaken assumption that reproduction is ____. Rather, it is competetive.
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cooperative
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Females/males are designed to accept, store, and utilize sperm.
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females
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fertilization occurs in the ____. The ___also finishes off egg production.
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oviduct.
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the evolution of female internal reproduction necessitates development of mechanisms to prevent colonization by foreign invaders, or ____. Sperm counts as a microbe.
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microbes
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females/males are designed to produce, maintain, portion out, and deliver sperm.
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males
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insects use ___, a bag-like structure which delivers a few sperm to each egg as it passes by.
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spermatheca
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Whereas insects use spermatheca, birds use ___-___structures.
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sperm-storage structures
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Mammal sperm storage is short-lived; in fact, it is less than ___hours in the female tract.
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48 hours
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The maximum amount of time sperm can be stored in human male is __days.
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5 days.
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An outlier to the storage of sperm, __can contain sperm for several months.
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bats
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The albatross store sperm for up to ___weeks because the partners spend little time together.
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8 weeks
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Both reptiles and the albatross store sperm for a long time because they have infrequent ___.
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encounters
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Both __ and the ____store sperm for a long time because they have infrequent encounters.
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reptiles and the albatross
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___is removal of the testes.
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orchidectomy
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Every ejaculation is followed by a ___period.
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refractory period
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Men produce ___million sperm daily, which equals 2 million million (2 trillion) in lifetime.
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12.5 million per day
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a cell's content in human ejaculate is approximately equivalent to ___percent of daily skin loss.
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5% of daily skin loss
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In humans, unusually large testicles would imply higher/lower levels of sperm competition.
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higher
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Humans, in comparison to other animnals, lie fairly close to the line, implying a(n) high/average/low level of sperm competition.
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average
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Female chimpanzees are highly promiscuous, copulating ____to ___times with many different males for each pregnancy.
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500 to 1000 times
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Female gorillas copulate about __to___times per pregnancy.
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20 to 30 times
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Where do mammals store their sperm?
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In the vas deferens and the tail end of the epidymis.
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This hypothsesis states that the ____-___externalization prevents concussive pressure damage during vigorous exercise.
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"hard-knocks"
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Men produce ___million sperm daily, which equals 2 million million (2 trillion) in lifetime.
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12.5 million per day
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a cell's content in human ejaculate is approximately equivalent to ___percent of daily skin loss.
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5% of daily skin loss
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In humans, unusually large testicles would imply higher/lower levels of sperm competition.
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higher
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Humans, in comparison to other animnals, lie fairly close to the line, implying a(n) high/average/low level of sperm competition.
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average
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Female chimpanzees are highly promiscuous, copulating ____to ___times with many different males for each pregnancy.
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500 to 1000 times
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Female gorillas copulate about __to___times per pregnancy.
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20 to 30 times
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Where do mammals store their sperm?
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In the vas deferens and the tail end of the epidymis.
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This hypothsesis states externalization prevents concussive pressure damage during vigorous exercise.
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"hard-knocks"
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This hypothesis states that cooler temperatures teach sperm to survive hardships in the hostile vaginal environment.
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"sperm training"
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The epididymis must be kept warm/cool to maintain fertilizing potency.
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cool
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The epididymis is always located proximal to the abdominal wall when the testes are internal/external.
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internal
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Men have many extra glands, all leading to the urethra. Each serves a different purpose: to ___, ___, ___, and ___.
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dilute, stimulate, nourish, and protect sperm.
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Copulatory plugs occur in many ___, ___, ____, and ____.
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insects, reptiles, marsupials, and mammals.
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The ____is always located proximal to the abdominal wall when the testes are internal.
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epididymis
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The functions of a ___ ____are to prevent sperm leakage, act as a reservoir for gradual sperm release, and reduce an extra pair of mating resulting in insemination.
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copulatory plug
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Snails are hermaphrodites They engage in a love game called ___ ___.
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"penis fencing"
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A ____is a sperm package penis substitute.
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spermatophore
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___have some of the most impressive penis structures in the world.
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ducks
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foreplay for a buffalo weaver takes up to ___minutes.
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30 minutes
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Males have one of three ___ designs:
1) fibroelastic 2) stiffening bone (os ___) 3) hydraulic |
penis
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In which country do women place brass rings on their neck? In ___ ___women attemot to reach ___rings.
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eastern Burma; 32 rings
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In China, women committ to foot binding in order to _____ _______.
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achieve a high societal status
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Foot-binding in China was done in the early __ to ___th centuries.
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10th to 20th centuries.
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The Chinese foot (binded ) was known as the ___ ____.
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"Golden Lotus"
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The small shoe size worn by women today causes women shortened ___ muscles and a strained ____.
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calf muscles; strained back
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When a woman is sexually aroused, her lips become ___ and ___.
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larger and redder
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Lipstick is worn in order to make a female's lips appear ___.
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larger
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In Ethiopia, the value of a woman is determined by the size of her ___ ____.
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lip plate
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In ____ _____, a woman's sexual features are exaggerated. She wears clothing that exaggerates the size of her hips.
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tribal Africa
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Cultures have adapted hair as a sexual symbol. Thus, shorter hair for a woman symbolizes her ______.
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independence.
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In ____, the Orthodox women are required to cover their hair.
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Petersberg
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A ___is an instrument that measures the change in the size of the pupils.
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pupilometer
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In ___, phallis worship is widespread.
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Japan
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In ___, "lingam" is the name of a phallus shrine.
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India
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In Tahiti, __ ____is a demonstration of courage.
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body tatooing
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In Tahiti, a flower above a woman's left ear signals that a woman is ____, whereas a flower above the right ear signals that a woman is ___.
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taken; available
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In Western Africa, men have many wives. In fact, one West African man has ___ wives.
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58
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In ____, there exist harems in which women give sultans sums. For men, this is a massive status display. Any woves who caused displeasure were executed (often by drowning).
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Istanbul
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In ___, there exists a crater that symbolizes eternity. Many _____couples choose to marry here.
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Estonia; Estonian
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In ___, prior to getting married, a fiancee (female) purchases gold jewelry (in case she will lose everything-her husband may take away all of her possessions).
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Yemen
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3 main ideas to account for spermatozoa variation are:
1) 2) 3) |
1) reproductive isolating mechanism
2) females prefer larger sperm 3) attractiveness of sperm accurately reflects the viability of the sperm's producer |
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A spermatozoa's ___consists of flagellum to provide a mechanical thrust.
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tail
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A spermatozoa's ___contains mitochondria-energy for flagellum propulsion.
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midpiece
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___at head tip digests through outer egg layers.
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acrosome
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A sperm consists of 3 parts:
1) 2) 3) |
1) head
2) midpiece 3) tail |
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The male/female produces and delivers sperm.
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male
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Pick one:
Ova or sperm: highly mobile, and have limited internal resources. |
sperm
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Pick one:
ova or sperm: specialized to deliver haploid chromosome payload. |
sperm
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Pick one:
Ova or sperm: immobile, loaded with nutrients that take up volume. |
ova
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___is the degeneration of ova throughout the lifespan of a female.
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artresia
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Females start life with a fixed quota of ___; many never ovulate.
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ova
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___is the difference in the size of male and female gametes.
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anisogamy
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___is small, produced by males, whereas ___are large, produced by females.
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sperm; ova
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Biting a partner's penis (apophallation) could minimize the chance that they will copulate again, so partner is more likely to use ___sperm from transfer.
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donated sperm
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Individuals having lost their penis through apophallation behave like ____as acceptors.
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females
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The process of apophallation may help ensure the recipient uses the sperm for ___rather than lunch.
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fertilization
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Sometimes slugs' long penises get knotted together during copulation. The owner is left with no alternative but to bite off their penis at the base, a process known as _____.
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apophollation
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Penis function has been aimed toward 3 main purposes/functions:
1) 2) 3) |
1) removal/repositioning of repositioning of rival sperm w/in the female.
2) removal of copulatory plugs. 3) stimulation of the female. |
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"Lock and key hypothesis is challenged by the ____ ____ hypothesis: penises evolved to stimulate females during copulation.
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'female choice' hypothesis
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Long established __ __ __ hypothesis says that penis design specifies species mating and prevents cross-mating between species.
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'lock and key' hypothesis
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Ova/sperm are specialized to deliver haploid chromosome payload.
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sperm
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Females start life with a fixed quota of ___; many never ovulate.
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ova
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___is the difference in thge size of male and female genitals.
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anisogamy
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The function of large, fleshy extensions of female external genitalia may be an attempt to ____to male penis length.
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counter-evolve
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Why is there diversity in penis structure if the penis is just an appendage of semen transfer?
(2 main forces). |
1) competition between males
2) female choice |
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Additional penile appendages appear to be used for maintaining ____w/ the female. This is usually to the female's disadvantage.
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genital contact
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____selection is responsible for the greater penis complexity in polyandrous insect species than in monogamous insect species.
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sexual selection
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There is greater penis complexity in polyandrous ____species than in its monogamous counterpart.
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insect
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The ___hypothesis predicts greater penis diversity in monogamous insect species since it's critical that they copulate with the correct partner.
Is this hypothesis correct? |
'Lock and key' hypothesis; incorrect
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The____hypothesis states that species in which females routinely copulate with several males during a single reproductive cycle/estrous cycle tend to have much more elaborate penises than those of species where females are monogamous.
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'stimulation' hypothesis
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Are there some species that have evolved multiple penises?
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Yes
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Mammals have one of three penis designs:
1) ____(permanently erect) -dogs, pigs, cattle, and whales. 2) ____(os penis)-prmiates, rodents, insects, bats, carnivores 3) ____ (spongy compartments filled w/ blood)-humans |
1) fibroelastic
2) stiffening bone 3) hydraulic |
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Long-established ____hypothesis-penis design specifies species mating and prevents cross-mating between species.
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'lock and key' hypothesis
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A spermatozoa's ____consists of flagellum to provide a mechanical thrust.
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tail
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A spermatozoa's ____contains mitochondria-energy for flagellum propulsion.
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midpiece
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___at head tip digests through outer egg layers.
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acrosome
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A sperm consists of 3 parts:
1) 2) 3) |
head, midpiece, and tail
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The male/female produces and delivers sperm.
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male
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Ova/sperm are highly mobile, and have limited internal resources.
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sperm
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A spermatozoa's ___consists of flagellum to provide a mechanical thrust.
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tail
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A spermatozoa's ___contains mitochondria (energy for flagellum propulsion).
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midpiece
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The ___at the head of the sperm digests through outer egg layers.
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acrosome
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The male/female produces and delivers sperm.
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male
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Sagebrush Cricket and Scorpion Flies:
Why do males have a gin trap (teeth) on their back? |
to catch the female. Female has a taste for blood.
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What is the role of anogenital swelling in female chimpanzees?
Name 2 |
1) send sexual signals to male
2) gain food resources |
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There are 2 theories of chimpanzee promiscuity:
1) 2) |
1) sperm competition
2) obfuscation theory-create confusion over the paternity of their child |
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In which way do Burrying Beetles prevent men from cheating on them?
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scolding, chivying, and harrying males.
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When a male____reaches climax, he explodes on purpose. He leaves his genitals inside female to prevent her from mating with another male.
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bee
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Females of this species only have sex with males who have territory.
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Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide
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Females and males of this species trade sex for food.
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Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide
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Promiscuous females of this species create more eggs than males who only mate once.
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Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide.
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The ___'s penis is covered with spines.
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Golden Poto's
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The more promiscuous a mate of the ___species, the more elaborate his penis.
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Golden Poto
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