Biology Midterm

Front 1

Peroxisomes

Back 1

membrane bound organelles containing nuclear encoded homologous enzymes used in metabolism

Front 2

Rosette cellulose complex

Back 2

circular arrays of proteins with in the cell membrane that synthesizes cellulose for making of the cell wall

Front 3

Sporopollenin

Back 3

a molecule on the surface of plant spores and charophytes zygotes, forms a portective barrier that prevents desiccation

Front 4

Phragmoplast

Back 4

a step in cytokinesis where production of the cell wall forms along a division plane between the two newly formed daughter cells

Front 5

plants exhibit Alternation of Generation. this exists in nature in three general ways. Describe

Back 5

A) both the sporophytes and gametophytes are co sexual

B) the sporophytes are cosexual and the gametophytes are male and female

C)both the sorophyte and gametophyte are male or female

Front 6

what is the endosymbiont theory

Back 6

more than a billion years ago a large eukaryotic protist engulfed a small cyanobacterium. the cyanobactierium continued to survive and photosynthesize within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic host. Overtime this result is now what is known as chloroplast of plants and most algae.

Front 7

label

Back 7

a. zygote (2n)

b.sporophyte (2n)

c.spore (2n)

d. gametophyte (n)

e. egg (n)

f. sperm (n)

Front 8

describe the evidence for the evoluntionary relationship between charophytes and plants

Back 8

the morphological evidence that supports the evolution of land plants from charophyte green algae includes similar structure of motile sperm; similar cell wall producing events during cell division; the occurence of sporopellenin in charophyte zygotes and land plant spores

Front 9

the green algae charophytes are the closest living relatives of plants, all of the following are evidence of this relationship except what?

a. flagellated sperm

b.alternation of generations

c.formation of phragmoplast

Back 9

B

Front 10

Determine is

Club mosses, hornwarts, liverworts, gymnosperms, ferns, angiosperms, mosses are Nonvascular

Vascular (seeds)

Vascular (no seeds)

Back 10

nonvascular: hornworts, liverworts, mosses

vascular (noseeds): club mosses, ferns

vascular (withseeds):gymnosperms, angiosperms

Front 11

What are some main adaptions that enable plants to live on land

Back 11

2 main adaptions discussed in this module are the cuticle and internalization of sexual organs. A waxy substance embedded in a cuticle membrane helps retain moisture. The internalization of sex organs allows plants to repoduce using gametes without requiring water

Front 12

photoautrophic prokaryotes are called

Back 12

cyanobacteria

Front 13

explain what phramoplast is

Back 13

is the step that ensures that the production of the cell wall along the division plane between two daughter cells. It is an array of microtubes that guide cell wall components to the middle of the dividing cell. Eventually the cell plate fuses with the original cell wall

Front 14

identify life cycke

Back 14

A. Sporophytes and gametophytes are co-sexual ( male and female )

B. Co-sexual sporophytes and male or female gametophytes < answer >

C. Both sporophytes and gametophytes are male or female

Front 15

Describe the important characteristics of gametophyte and sporophyte stages in the plant life cycle.

Back 15

All land plants alternate between a multicellular gametophyte generation and multicelular sporophyte generation in their life cycle. Gametophytes are produced through mitosis and contain (n) chromosomes - female gametophytes produce eggs and male gametophytes produce sperm. Male gametophytes or pollen grains are also known as microgametophytes, female gametophytes or ovules are known as megagametophytes. All plant sporophytes (male or female) are (2n) and produce spores (n) through meiosis.

Front 16

Green algae charophytes are the closest ____ relative to

Back 16

living plant

Front 17

Describe the morphological evidence that is the flagellated sperm.

Back 17

Flagellated sperm are whip like. They occur accross many eukaryotes. They exist in plants, animals, and other sexually reproducing organisms. The sperm cells of plants and charophytes have similar structures.

Front 18

Seedless nonvascular plants (snp), Seedless vascular plants (svp), Seed plants (sp)

1) ____ have gametophytes and sporophytes that look nothing alike, but the sporophyte is the dominant life stage

2) ____ have gametophytes that are often invisible without a microscope

3)____ have life cycles dominated by the gametophyte stage

Back 18

1) svp 2) sp 3) snp

Front 19

What do the peroxisomes of plants contain?

Back 19

Homologous enzymes that are important for metabolizing the products of photorespiration.

Front 20

The presence of this molecule in land plants and charophytes allows for the formation of a barrier that prevents desiccation of the enclosed structure in periods of drought.

Back 20

sporopollenin

Front 21

What is meant by the phrase "dominant generation" when discussing land plants?

Back 21

Land plants exhibit a life cycle that demonstrates alternation of generations. In this life cycle the plant moves through several stages that include haploid and diploid phases. Two primary stages of this cycle include the gametophyte stage which is haploid and the sporophyte stage which is diploid. During the gametophyte stage the plant produces gametes which will eventually fuse to form a zygote which develops into the sporophyte. During the sporophyte stage the plant produces diploid spores which are dispersed into the environment to undergo mitosis and become a new gametophyte. Most plants are recognized by the stage of the cycle in which they primarily exist. That stage, whether sporophyte or gametophyte, is considered the dominant generation.

Front 22

according to scientists which are the organisms that first carried out oxygen-producing photosynthesis?

Back 22

cyanobacteria

Front 23

what is the difference between male gametophyte and female gametophyte?

Back 23

male gametophyte produce sperm and female gametophyte produce eggs.

Front 24

Only _____ and _____ have circular arrays of proteins in their cell membrane. Explain

Back 24

Charophytes and plants do because it is for making cellulosic cell walls. Embedded in their cell membrane, where is synthesizes cellulose on the outer membrane surface, forming the primary cell wall.

Front 25

both charophyte and plant cells contain

Back 25

perioxisomes with homlogous, nuclear encoded enzymes

Front 26

the peroxisomes of plants and charophytes contain homologous enzymes that are important for

Back 26

metabolizing the products of photorespiration

Front 27

cosexual gametophytes produce

Back 27

both egg and sperm

Front 28

all plant gametophytes produce

Back 28

gametes (sperm or egg) through mitosis

Front 29

all plant sporophtes produce

Back 29

spores through meiosis

Front 30

animals produce

Back 30

gametes by meiosis

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end

Back 31

end