Biology Midterm

Front 1

Why are traditional phylogenies of protists to create accurately

Back 1

There are very few fossil records of protists. although the endosymbiont theory helps explain how eukaryotes acquired particular traits, we dont have a physical record of the earliest ancestral species. Biologists are now using DNA and RNA analysis to define groups of eukaryotes of which protists dominate

Front 2

Which of the 7 eukaryote groups would you find organisms that have a primary plastid containing chlorophyll

Back 2

Archaeplatida- contains protists like red and green algae, but also land and aquatic plants

Front 3

how many clades of protists exist today

Back 3

11

Front 4

describe how the Unikonta are a unique group of protists

Back 4

The unikonta group contains a variety of fungi, animals and amoebozoans (cellular and plasmodial slime molds). Unikonts are believed to be the first eukaryotes to emerge, sharing a common ancestor with amoebaes and protists

Front 5

Label the cillate

Back 5

A. Contractile Vacuole

B. Oral Groove

C. Macronucleus

D. Micronuclei

E. Food Vacuole

F. Cilia

Front 6

What are the opisthokonts and amoebozoans

Back 6

opis are fungi and animals along with a variety of protists, amoe include some of the amoebas, slime molds, and a number of parasitic protists

Front 7

what are hydrogenosomes

Back 7

Mitochondrial relics that anerobically generate energy

Front 8

What are apicomplexans? and an example

Back 8

Apicomplexans are large groups of organisms that obligate parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates. An example of an apix. is plasmodiu, which is a parasite that causes malaria

Front 9

a major characteristic of excavates is the diverse range of

Back 9

mitochondria

Front 10

How does brown algae differ from most other protists

Back 10

Brown algae has unique properties that lead to it often being thought of as a plant. It is multicellular and grows to very large sizes. It includes root-like, stem like and leaf like structures. It also uses cellulose for structural support

Front 11

how did scientists that excavates should be grouped together

Back 11

It is based on studies of gene expression patterns in various protists. The decision has has its controversy and scientists continue to propose alternative theories

Front 12

Which of the following algae are archaeplastid

Back 12

Red and green Algae

Front 13

fill the blanks

Back 13

1. dinoflagellates

2.fungi

3.oomycetes

4.foraminiferans

Front 14

Briefly describe the group excavates

Back 14

contain altered mitochondria and unusual flagella. They are unicellular organisms. Their mitochondria may not be able to generate ATP. Some are anaerobic, some are parasitic, some photosynthetic and some are free living

Front 15

Which of the following is not clade of escavates

Back 15

mitosomes

Front 16

characterize cellular slime molds

Back 16

a haploid unicellular organism which prefers wet or moist regions, can join together with others of its kind when food is scarse and form a slimy mobile colony distinct from plasmodial slime molds

Front 17

hydrogenosomes

Back 17

mitochondrial relics that anaerobically generate energy

Front 18

alveolates are characterized by

Back 18

membrane lined sacs (alveoli) that selectively filter larger molecules

Front 19

Alveoli function

Back 19

regulate the diffusion of materials across the plasma membrane, selectively filtering larger molecules, only allowing water and small ions to enter the cell

Front 20

aquatic alveolates definition and example

Back 20

sturdy plates that protect the contents of their bodies

dinoflagellates

Front 21

appox. half of dino. are

Back 21

photoautotrophic- converting light energy from the sun into the chemical energy of carbs by fixing carbon from carbon dioxide)

Front 22

A sudden spike in population size of dinos cause

Back 22

red tides which secrete lethal toxins that can harm any species that eat shellfish

Front 23

obligate parasites example

Back 23

apicomplexans

Front 24

the most famous apicomplexans are

Back 24

plasmodium which causes malaria

Front 25

ciliates use ____ for ____ and have specialized ____

Back 25

cilia, locomotion, vacuoles

Front 26

process of contractile vacuole

Back 26

water enters and fills vacuole ---->

vacuole contracts and pushes water out<----

Front 27

process of food vacuole

Back 27

food from environment goes into oral groove

undergoes endocytosis

forms food vacuole

lysosomes supplies digestive enzymes

undergoes exocytosis which releases digested nutrients in and releases waste out

Front 28

ciliates had ____ nuclei

Back 28

two- a smaller micronucleus which maintains the genetic information of the individual and is transferred during reproduction

and a larger macronucleus which is responsible for growth and other cellular functions

Front 29

the best known lineage of stramenopiles

Back 29

diatoms (photosynthetic, silica based structure)

Front 30

pigmented stramenopiles, including fresh water groups are..

Back 30

golden algae, use flagella for locomotion, photoautrophic, some mixotrophic..switching from phagocytosis to photosynthesis

unicellular or as colonies

Front 31

other stramenopiles include

Back 31

brown algae such as kelp or seaweeds, multicellular and have differentiated tissue

structures include rootlike holdfasts to anchor the algae to the sea floor and stem like components to reach surface of water and leaf like structures to harvest sunlight

Front 32

another group of stramenopiles are

Back 32

oomycetes- making a living by decomposing materials that are alive or dead

Front 33

oomycetes examples

Back 33

sudden oak death

bitter crab disease

water molds...white rusts and downy mildews

Front 34

Hacobia members include

Back 34

photosynthetic cryptophytes and haptophytes

Front 35

scientists have grouped ____based on DNA

Back 35

rhizarians

Front 36

Rhizarians

Back 36

cellular extentions, pseudopodia used for locomotion (thinner)

Front 37

Rhizarians consist of three groups

Back 37

Radiolaria

Foraminifera

Cercozoa

Front 38

Radiolaria

Back 38

silica based skeleton

Front 39

Foraminifera

Back 39

calcium carbonate based skeletons, the shell contains pores that water and nutrients can pass through

Front 40

Cercozoa

Back 40

wide range of habitats and resource use, heterotrophs

Front 41

Archaeplastida includes all organism

Back 41

with a primary plastid for photosynthesis, including green and red algae

Front 42

green algae

Back 42

include common ancestor that lead to land plants, primarily photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts

Front 43

red algae

Back 43

pigment carrying archaeplastids that thrive in aquatic ecosystems

Front 44

2 pigments in red algae are

Back 44

phycoerythrin and cholophyll

Front 45

red algae that thrive closer to the surface

Back 45

posses roughly equal amounts of both pigments

Front 46

red algae in deeper areas carry

Back 46

less chlorophyll resulting in red pigment

Front 47

green algae primarily use

Back 47

chlorophyll a and b for photosynthesis

Front 48

green algae are divided into

Back 48

charophytes and clorophytes

char-are found in fresh water, unicellular

clor-singlecelled to multicellular

Front 49

unikonta

Back 49

a group consisting of an enormous variety of eukaryotic organisms ranging from amoebas to animals

Front 50

2 major unikont clades

Back 50

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

(true amoebas) (fungi and animals)

Front 51

amoebozoans are

Back 51

pasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

Front 52

describe the developing cytoplasmic mass

Back 52

otherwise called the plasmodium, easily spreads over a substrate and eventually develops buds, also known as sporangia. These structures increase the likelihood of survival

Front 53

cellular slime molds

Back 53

haploid, municellular eukaryotes, thrive in moist areas, exits individually and then forms a slug with a reproductive stalk than can move

Front 54

the end

Back 54

end