Biology Midterm 2 Terms

Front 1

Endocytosis

Back 1

the process of molecules coming into the cell and fusing with Vesicles

Front 2

Exocytosis

Back 2

the process of a molecule fusing with the inside of a cell and expelling their contents out of the cell

Front 3

Coupled transport

Back 3

Driving a passive transport with an active transport

Front 4

Metabolism

Back 4

the sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell

Front 5

Catabolism

Back 5

Energy yielding reaction

Front 6

Anabolism

Back 6

Energy requiring reaction

Front 7

What are the electron carriers of the cell (4)

Back 7

NAD+ FAD+ FMN+ NADP+

Front 8

Entropy

Back 8

Measure of randomness

Front 9

Chemiosmosis

Back 9

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the for of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Front 10

Competitive inhibitors

Back 10

Perminately bonds to an enzyme at the active site where substrates would normally bond making the enzyme useless

Front 11

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Back 11

Bind to an enzyme at the Allosteric site. This inhibitor deforms the enzyme so that it won't match with its intended substrate

Front 12

Glycolysis

Back 12

First step of Cell Respiration
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Starts with Glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2NADH

Front 13

Krebs Cycle

Back 13

Second step in Cell Respiration
Takes place in the Mitochondria
Starts with 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2NADH
and ends with 4 ATP, 10 NADH and 2 FADH^2

Front 14

Electron Transport chain

Back 14

Last step in cell respiration
Takes place on Mitochondria Membrane
Turns the 10 NADH to 30 ATP and the 2FADH^2 into 4 ATP creating a total of 38 ATP from cell respiration

Front 15

Light Reaction

Back 15

First step in Photosynthesis
Takes place in the Thylokoid in the Chloroplast
Starts with H2O and Light energy
ends with O2 NADPH and ATP

Front 16

Dark Reactions

Back 16

Second step of photosynthesis
Takes place in the Stoma of the Chloroplast
Starts with CO2 ATP and NADPH
ends with sugar

Front 17

PSI vs PSII

Back 17

PSII
Takes in sunlight to oxidize the O in H2O leaving H

PSI
Takes the H generated in PSII and pairs it with the electon carrier NADP+ to produce NADPH

Front 18

Alcohol Fermentation

Back 18

Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol and re-produces NAD+ which is needed for glycolosis again. Also releases CO2

Front 19

Lactic acid Fermentation

Back 19

Pyruvate is reduced to Lactic acid and does not give off CO2

Lactic Acid Fermentation is how muscles generate ATP when oxygen is scarce

Front 20

Fermentation

Back 20

occurs after Glycolesis if Oxygen isn't present

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose producing lactic acid of ethanol

Front 21

Interphase

Back 21

G1 - Growing
S - DNA sythesis and Chromitin replication
G2 - More Growing

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Prophase

Back 22

First phase of Mitosis

Nuclear envelope disappears
Mitotic Spindles form from Centrosome

Front 23

Prometaphase

Back 23

Second phase of Mitosis

Microtubules start to connect to chromosomes
nuclear envelope is gone

Front 24

Metaphase

Back 24

Third phase of Mitosis

Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate (middle of the cell)
Centasome are at opposite poles

Front 25

Anaphase

Back 25

4th phase of Mitosis

Shortest phase
Sister Chromitides separate and form full chromosomes
Cell Elongates

Front 26

Telophase/Cytokinesis

Back 26

5th and final phase of Mitosis

2 daughter nuclei form
Chromosomes become less condense
Micro tubules are depolymerized

Cytoplasm splits

Front 27

Genome

Back 27

Genetic information of DNA

Front 28

Chromosome

Back 28

Structural package of DNA

Front 29

Chromatin

Back 29

Building material of Chromosomes

Front 30

Somatic Cells

Back 30

All cells other than reproductive cells
Cells with 23 SETS of chromosomes with a total of 46 Chromosomes

Front 31

Gametes

Back 31

Cells with a TOTAL of 23 Chromosomes

Sperm and Egg

Front 32

Mitosis

Back 32

The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2

Mitosis
-Prophase
-Prometaphase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase/Cytokinesis

Front 33

Meiosis

Back 33

The division of the nucleus that divides the genetic material in a cell in half thus producing cells with only half the genetic material of a parent cell

Start 1 diploid cell
end 4 haploid cells

Front 34

Prophase 1

Back 34

First phase in meiosis 1

Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Centrosome start to make micro tubules
Chromatin start to align

Front 35

Metaphase 1

Back 35

Second phase in meiosis 1

Nuclear envelope is gone
Centrosome are on opposite poles of the cell
Homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

Front 36

Anaphase 1

Back 36

Third phase in meiosis 1

Pulls apart HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS of chromosomes (sister Chromatids stay attached)
Microtubules pull chromosomes to poles

Front 37

Telophase/Cytokinesis

Back 37

Forth and final phase in meiosis 1

Microtubules disappear
Nuclear envelope formes
Cell is divided into 2 haploid cells each consists of 2 sister chromatides

Front 38

Prophase 2

Back 38

First Phase of Meiosis 2

Nuclear envelope dissolves
Centrasomes move to poles and begin to generate microtubles

Front 39

Metaphase 2

Back 39

second Phase of Meiosis 2

Centrasome are at the poles and attached to the chromosomes
Nuclear envelope is gone

Front 40

Anaphase 2

Back 40

third Phase of Meiosis 2

Centrosome pulls the chromosomes apart and now form 2 separate sister chromatids

Front 41

Telophase 2/Cytokinesis

Back 41

Fourth and final Phase of Meiosis 2

Nuclear envelope develop
Microtubules dissappear
Cell splits

Front 42

mRNA

Back 42

Messenger RNA

Attaches to ribosomes in cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

Front 43

rRNA

Back 43

Ribosomal RNA

rRNA together with proteins make up ribosomes
(The most abundant type of RNA)

Front 44

tRNA

Back 44

Transfer RNA

functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein language by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosomes

Front 45

Exon

Back 45

Express sequence in DNA that is NOT removed during RNA transcription

Front 46

Intron

Back 46

Intervening sequence that is removed during RNA transcription

Front 47

Template strand DNA

Back 47

the 3' and 5' strand that is used as a template for the 5' to 3' synthesis of RNA

Front 48

Mutations

Back 48

Any Change in the base sequence of DNA

Front 49

types of Mutations

Back 49

Addition/insertion
deletion (small or big)
Chromosomal rearrangement
-Gene duplication
-Chromosome inversion

Front 50

Codon

Back 50

3 bases that make up a specific amino acid

Front 51

polycistronic mRNA

Back 51

mRNA that codes for multiple proteins at once

Front 52

True Breeding

Back 52

When a plant self pollinates it produces only offspring of the same variety

Front 53

Monohybrid Crossing

Back 53

An experimental genetic cross in which the inheritance of one trait is tracked

Front 54

Dihybrid Crossing

Back 54

An experimental genetic cross in which the inheritance of two traits are tracked

Front 55

Alleles

Back 55

Alternative form of a gene

Front 56

Homozygous

Back 56

when two alleles are the same they are homozygous TT

Front 57

Heterozygous

Back 57

When two alleles are different Tt

Front 58

Phenotype

Back 58

The LOOK of something
Blue eyes

Front 59

genotype

Back 59

The genetic make-up of something
Tt or TT

Front 60

Aneuploidy

Back 60

An Abnormal number of Chromosomes

Front 61

Passive Transport

Back 61

Transport requiring no energy

Front 62

Active Transport

Back 62

Transport requiring energy