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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meiosis
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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Crossing over
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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
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Independent Assortment
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the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
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Spermatogenesis
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the process by which male gametes form
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Sperm
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the male reproductive cell
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Oogenesis
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the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
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Ovum
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a mature egg cell
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Heredity
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the passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Genetics
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the study of heredity
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Monohybrid cross
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a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
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True-breeding
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describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait
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P generation
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parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
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F1 generation
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the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
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F2 generation
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the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation
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Allele
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one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
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Dominant
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trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present
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Recessive
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trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
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Homozygous
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having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
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Heterozygous
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having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
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Genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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Phenotype
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what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
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Law of Segregation
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Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
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Law of Independent Assortment
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the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
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Punnett square
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a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
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Test cross
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the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
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Probability
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a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur
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Pedigree
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chart that shows the relationships within a family
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Sex-linked gene
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a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans
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Double helix
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Spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule
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Nucleotide
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in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
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Deoxyribose
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sugar in DNA
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Base pairing rules
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the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
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Complementary base pair
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a characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand is paired to the sequence of bases on the other
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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Uracil
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one of the four bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of RNA; uracil pairs with adenine
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Transcription
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(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
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Translation
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the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecule as a template
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mRNA
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a single stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
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Codon
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in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
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Genetic code
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the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
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Transfer RNA
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an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
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Anticodon
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a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
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Ribosomal RNA
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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
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Atom
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the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
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Element
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any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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Compound
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a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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Molecule
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smallest unit of most compounds; it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together
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Ion
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atom, radical, or molecule that has a positive or negative charge
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Cohesion
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the force that holds molecules of a single material together
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Adhesion
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an attraction between molecules of different substances
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Solution
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a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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Acid
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any compound that forms H+ ions in solution; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts
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Base
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compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts
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Carbohydrate
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compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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Monosaccharide
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a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
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Lipid
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an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes
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Protein
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an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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Amino acid
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organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group
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Nucleic acid
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an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information
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Nucleotide
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in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
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DNA
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material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
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RNA
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a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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ATP
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main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Cell theory
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(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
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Cell membrane
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a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
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Cytoplasm
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the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus
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Cytoskeleton
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the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division
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Ribosome
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a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis
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Prokaryote
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unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
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Cell wall
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a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
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Flagellum
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a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move
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Eukaryote
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A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Nucleus
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a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
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Organelle
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one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function
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Cilium
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a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell
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Phospholipid
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a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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Lipid bilayer
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the basic structure of a biological membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed
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Vesicle
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A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
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Golgi apparatus
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cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transportd out of the cell
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Lysosome
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cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
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Mitochondrion
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in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP
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Chloroplast
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organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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Central vacuole
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large cavity or sac that is found in plant cells or protozoans and that contains air or partially digested food
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Passive transport
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the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
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Concentration gradient
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difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
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Equilibrium
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a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates
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Diffusion
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the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent
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Hypertonic solution
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a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
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Hypotonic solution
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a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
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Isotonic solution
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solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
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Ion channel
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a pore in a cell membrane through which ions can pass
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Carrier protein
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protein that transports substances across a cell membrane
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Facilitated diffusion
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The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins
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Active transport
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the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy
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Sodium-potassium pump
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a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
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Endocytosis
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the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
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Exocytosis
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process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell
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Receptor protein
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protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond
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Second messenger
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molecule that is generated when a specific substance attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in cellular function
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Gamete
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a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote
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Binary fission
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a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
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Gene
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A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
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Chromosome
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in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
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Chromatid
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one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis
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Centromere
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the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
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Homologous chromosome
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chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis
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Diploid
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a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes
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Haploid
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describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes
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Zygote
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fertilized egg
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Autosome
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any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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sex chromosome
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one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
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Karyotype
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A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
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Cell cycle
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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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Interphase
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
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Mitosis
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cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm during cell division
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Spindle
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tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
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