Biology Mid-Term

Front 1

*5 properties of life

Back 1

Cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction, and Heredity

Front 2

Cellular organization

Back 2

All living things are comprised of at least one cell

Front 3

Metabolism

Back 3

All living things process energy which is used to power other processes

Front 4

Heredity

Back 4

All organisms pass genetic information across generations from parents to offspring

Front 5

Growth and reproduction

Back 5

All organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction

Front 6

Hierarchy of increasing complexity

Back 6

Cell, organisms, populational

Front 7

Deductive reasoning

Back 7

Uses general principles to explain specific observations

Front 8

Inductive reasoning

Back 8

The way of discovering general principles from examination of specific observations

Front 9

*Scientific process

Back 9

Observations, hypothesis, predictions, experimental, conclusion, controlled experiments

Front 10

Observation

Back 10

Science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena

Front 11

Hypothesis

Back 11

Scientist make an educated guess that might be true

Front 12

Prediction

Back 12

If a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected

Front 13

Experiments

Back 13

To attempt to verify predictions made by hypothesis

Front 14

Controls

Back 14

Experiments usually employ a Parallel design; use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables.

Conditions stay the same in the control in comparison o the variable condition

Front 15

Conclusion

Back 15

A hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted

Front 16

*Theory

Back 16

To scientist; a theory represents certainty and is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations

General public; a theory implies a lack of knowledge or guess

Front 17

*Limitations of science

Back 17

Is limited to organisms and processes that can be observed and measured

Supernatural and religious phenomena are beyond the scope of science

Front 18

*Cell Theory

Back 18

Robert Hooke, 1665

-discovered cells

Anton can leeuwenhoek, 1670

- discovered single-called life

Matthias Schneider and Theodor Schwann, 1839

-all living organism are composed of cells

-Cells are the basic units of life

Later the third tenet of the theory was added

-all cells come from other cells

Front 19

*Gene theory

Back 19

-Genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

-genes can encode specific proteins or RNA or they can act to regulate other genes

-the protein and RNA encoded by an organism's genes determine what it will be like in terms of form and function

Front 20

*Theory of Heredity

Back 20

-genes are passed down in generations as discrete units

-Mendel's theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics

-the chromosomal theory of inheritance located Mendelian genes in chromosome

Front 21

Theory of evolution

Back 21

-Charles Darwin's theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life as "decent with modification"

-advances in genetics have helped scientist understand precisely how changes in genes can result in adaption and evolution

Front 22

Matter

Back 22

Substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space

Front 23

*Atoms

Back 23

What matter is made of

Front 24

*Protons

Back 24

Positive charge

Front 25

*Neutron

Back 25

Negative charge

Front 26

Electron

Back 26

Negative charge

Front 27

Electron

Back 27

Negative charge

Front 28

Atomic number

Back 28

The number of protons in the nucleus

Front 29

*Electron

Back 29

Negative charge

Front 30

Atomic number

Back 30

The number of protons in the nucleus

Atoms with the same atomic number exhibit the same chemical properties and are considered to belong to the same element

Front 31

Mass number

Back 31

The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Electrons have negligible mass

Front 32

Ions

Back 32

Atoms that have gained or lost one or more electron

Front 33

Isotopes

Back 33

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Front 34

Molecules

Back 34

A group of atoms held together by energy

Front 35

Ionic bonds

Back 35

Involve the attraction of opposite electrical charges

Molecules comprised of these bonds are often most stable as crystals

Front 36

*Ions

Back 36

Atoms that have gained or lost one or more electron

Front 37

Isotopes

Back 37

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Front 38

*Molecules

Back 38

A group of atoms held together by energy

Front 39

*Ionic bonds

Back 39

Involve the attraction of opposite electrical charges

Molecules comprised of these bonds are often most stable as crystals

Front 40

*Covalent bonds

Back 40

Form between two atoms when they share electrons

The number of electrons shared varies depending on how many the atom needs to full it's outermost electron shell

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

Front 41

Polar molecules

Back 41

Results in partial charges in the atoms that are unequally sharing electrons

Front 42

Cohesion

Back 42

Attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

Front 43

Base

Back 43

Any substance that combines with H when dissolved in water

Ph value above 7

Front 44

Acid

Back 44

Any substance that dissociates in water and increases the H

-acidic solutions have oh below 7

Front 45

Buffers

Back 45

A chemical substance that takes up or released hydrogen

Front 46

*Nucleus

Back 46

The central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth

Front 47

Organic molecules

Back 47

Are formed by living organisms

Front 48

DNA

Back 48

Deoxyribonucleic

Is a double helix

Front 49

RNA

Back 49

Ribonucleic acid

Used uracil instead of thymine

Only one strain

Has a ribose sugar

Front 50

*Macromolecules

Back 50

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids

Front 51

Polymer

Back 51

Assembled chain of monomers

Convalent bond formed by removing a hydroxyl group

Front 52

Dehydration synthesis

Back 52

The process of linking together two subunits to form a polymer (removal of h2o molecule)

Front 53

Hydrolysis

Back 53

Molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond between the monomers

Front 54

*Amino acids

Back 54

Proteins in complex macromolecules that are polymers of many subunits

Are small molecules with a simple basic structure

20 different types

Front 55

Peptide bond

Back 55

The convelent bond linking two amino acids together

Front 56

Proteins

Back 56

Structure: order of the amino acids is important

Sequence: of the amino acids affects how protein folds together

The way that a polypeptide folds to form protein determine the proteins function

Four levels

1) primary

2) secondary

3) tertiary

4) Quaternary

Front 57

Nucleic acids

Back 57

Very long polymers

Front 58

*Nucleotides

Back 58

Comprised of monomers

1) a five carbon sugar

2) a phosphate group

3) an organic nitrogen-containing base

Five different types

Front 59

Organic molecules

Back 59

Are formed by living organisms

Front 60

DNA

Back 60

Deoxyribonucleic

Is a double helix

Front 61

RNA

Back 61

Ribonucleic acid

Used uracil instead of thymine

Only one strain

Has a ribose sugar

Front 62

Glucose

Back 62

Forms to store energy like fat

Front 63

Starch

Back 63

The storage of polysaccharide found in plants is called starch

Front 64

*Macromolecules

Back 64

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids

Front 65

Polymer

Back 65

Assembled chain of monomers

Convalent bond formed by removing a hydroxyl group

Front 66

Dehydration synthesis

Back 66

The process of linking together two subunits to form a polymer (removal of h2o molecule)

Front 67

Hydrolysis

Back 67

Molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond between the monomers

Front 68

*Amino acids

Back 68

Proteins in complex macromolecules that are polymers of many subunits

Are small molecules with a simple basic structure

20 different types

Front 69

Peptide bond

Back 69

The convelent bond linking two amino acids together

Front 70

Proteins

Back 70

Structure: order of the amino acids is important

Sequence: of the amino acids affects how protein folds together

The way that a polypeptide folds to form protein determine the proteins function

Four levels

1) primary

2) secondary

3) tertiary

4) Quaternary

Front 71

Nucleic acids

Back 71

Very long polymers

Front 72

*Nucleotides

Back 72

Comprised of monomers

1) a five carbon sugar

2) a phosphate group

3) an organic nitrogen-containing base

Five different types

Front 73

*endosymbiotic theory

Back 73

States that some organelles evolved from a symbiosis in which one cell of a prokaryotic species was engulfed by and lived inside of a cell of another species of prokaryote

Front 74

*cell theory

Back 74

1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells

2) cells are the smallest living things

3) life evolved once 3.5 billion years ago

4) cell arise only by division of a previously existing cell

Front 75

Cytoplasm

Back 75

Fills the interior of the cell

Front 76

Plasma membrane

Back 76

Forms the boundary of the cell

Front 77

*prokaryotic cells

Back 77

No nucleus or other interior compartments, cell wall