Biology Mid Term

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Developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwin's.

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Wallace

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paleontology

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study of fossils

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scala naturae, hierarchy of nature, is based on the ideas of

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Aristotle

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the diversity in morphologies seen in breeds of dogs is the result of

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artificial selection

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natural selection primarily favors

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phenotypes

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Where is the Galapagos Islands

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off the west coast of South America

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Where is the Galapagos Islands

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off the west coast of South America

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In natural selction, what determins which phenotypes are successful?

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environment

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biogeography

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study of past and present distribution of species

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descent with modification

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darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution

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uniformitarianism

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lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout history

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macroeveolution

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Evolutionary change on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of new taxonomic groups, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction

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microevolution

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the term for a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over several generations

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cline

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a graded change in some trait along a geographic axis

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genetic variation in a population of animals and plants depends mainly on

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sexual recombination

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directional selection

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one type

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diversifying selection

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keep both extremes, kill average

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stabilizing selection

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keep average, kill extremes

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heterozygote advantage

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heterozygotes having greater reproductive success than homozygotes

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neutral variation

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representing no selective advantage

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balanced polymorphism

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the ability of natural slection to maintain diversity in a population

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gene flow

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the loss or gain of alleles in a population due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations

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genetic drift

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changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

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intersexual selection

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individuals of one sex choose their mates

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intrasexual selection

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direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex

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polymorphism

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coexistence of two or more distinct forsm of individuals in the same population

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sexual dimorphism

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special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex chatracterisitcs of males and females.

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adaptive radiation

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emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor

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allometric growith

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variation in relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the body

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allopatric speciation

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induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier

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allopolyploid

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a common type of polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes

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anagenesis

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pattern of evolutionary change transformation of entire population

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autopolyploid

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type of polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number to become tatraploid, which may self-fertilize or mate with other tetraploids

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cladogenesis

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pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist; also called branching evolution

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paedomorphosis

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retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.

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polyploidy

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chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.

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sympatric speciation

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mode of speciation occuring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

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genealogical species concept

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a species is a cluster of organisms that have a lineage of descent

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the average length of time that a successful species survivies

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5 million years

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alimentary canal

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digestive tract consisiting of a tube running between the mouth and anus

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appendix

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small fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum

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bile

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mixture of substances produced in the liver, stored in the liver, acts a detegent to aid in digestion and absorbtion of fats.

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bolus

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lubricatd ball of chewed food

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cecum

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blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine

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duodenum

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first section of the small intestine, where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gall bladder and gland cells of teh intestinal wall

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gastrovascular cavity

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An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body.

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B vitamins function is your body as

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coenzymes

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the main reason we eat minerals and some vitamins is that

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they are cofactors for enzymes

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the part of the chicken's digestive sytem that grinds food with sand or gravel is

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gizzard

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chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins

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in the mouth

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the tongue does not...

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secrete saliva

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the stomach lining is protected from the caustic acid pH of its contents by...

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mucous cells secreting a protective lubricant into the stomach

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contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphinctor

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acid chyme

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the actual absorbtive surface within the lumen of the small intestine is

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microvilli

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emulsification of fats takes place in

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the small intestine

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water is removed from undigestied material after it leaves

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the small intestine

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indigestible plant fibers, prokaryotes, and vitamins

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are the contents of teh alrge intestine

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... does not produce any secretions that aid in digestion

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large intestine

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symbiotic bacteria living in our large intestine provide us with

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vitamins

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whose digestive system would be longer, a seed eater or a carnivore?

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seed eater