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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell's result from: ________
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cell reproduction
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Cell Reproduction
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series of cell divisions that began with a single fertilized egg shell
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Production of new cells result in: ____________
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growth & repair with organisms. Also reproduction of entire organisms
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Some organisms reproduce by: ___________
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simple cell division
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simple cell division
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single cell or group of cells duplicates it's genetic material & then splits into two new genetically & identical cells AKA sexual reproduction
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asexual reproduction
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produces offspring that inherit all genetic material from one parent
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Paramecium
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single celled organisms
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sexual reproduction
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two parents involved in offspring > genetic material from both parents (union of sex cells - egg & sperm)
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Asexual & sexual both _________
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result of cell division
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Nucleus
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almost all genes of eukaryotic cells located
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chromatin
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combination of DNA & protein molecules
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Chromosomes
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when all prepares to divide & chromatin fibers condense & become visible (consists of two identical joined copies called sister chromatids
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Before cell division _______________________
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a cell duplicates all its chromosomes
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centromere
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where two sister chromatids join together (starts with 46 pairs of chromosomes
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interphase
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90% of cell cycle (time) stage where cell carries out it's metabolic processes & performs its functions
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spindle
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chromosomes movement (mitosis dance) microtubules grow from two
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centromsomes
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regions of cytoplasmic material that in animal ells contain structure called centrioles
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Mitotic phase stages
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4 -- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase
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metaphase
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cell is busy making new molecules & organelles (duplicated DNA)
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prophase
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chromatin fibers have condensed & are thick -- sister chromatids joined at cerntomere > nucleus disappears -- cells stop making ribosomes
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metaphase
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chromosomes gather in a plane across middle of cell 9spindle fully formed)
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anaphase
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sister chromatids separate (turns into daughter chromosome) -- proteins help move them along spinfle MCT toward poles >> MCT shorten bringing chromosomes close to pole
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telophase
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spindle disappears -- 2 nuclear envelopes reform. chromosomes uncoil & lengthen. > nucleoki reappear
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cytokinesis
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divides cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells with nucleus (during telophase)
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Animals vs. Plants
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animal: indentation around middle of cell (ring cause)
plants: disc containing wall called cell plate forms in cell & grows outward |
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tumor
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out of control cell reproduction can produce a mass of cells
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benign tumor
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an abnormal mass or essentially normal cells
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malignment tumors
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masses of cells that result from the reprocution of cancer cells
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cancer
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a disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells beyond the original site
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raditation therapy
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tumor part exposed to high radiation energy & disrupts cell division--no damage to nroaml cells
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chemotherapy
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drugs that disrupt cell division
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antimitotic drugs
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prevent cell divisoion by interfering with the mitotic spindle
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meiosis
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a type fo cell divison that rpduces four cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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karyotype
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a display of the 46 bchromosomes of an individual
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes of each matching pari -- carries the same sequence of genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
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sex chromosomes
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the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the persons sex
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diploid
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they contain two homologous sets of chomosomes
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haploid cellls
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a cell with a single set of chromosomes
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fetilization
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the fusions of the nuclei along with the cytoplasm form the gametes
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tetrads
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aired chromomses now consisting of fours chromatids
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crossing over
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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
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genetic recombination
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corssing over can produce a single chromosome that contains a new combination of genetic information from different parents
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