Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Significance of nucleolus |
Produce ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
|
|
Describe extra nuclear inheritance |
Ability for mitochondria to reproduce and transmit genetic info w/o the nucleus |
|
|
Describe the 3 types of cytoskeletons |
Microfilaments - Actin coils, use ATP to contract Microtubules - Tubulin rods, "Highway of cell" Intermediate filaments - Variety of proteins, "spring support" |
|
|
Describe structure of cilia and flagella in eu |
9 microtubule pairs surrounding a contra pair |
|
|
Stroma vs parynchema |
Stroma - structural support of an organ (Connective tissue) Parenchyma - Function part of organ (Epithelial tissue) |
|
|
Describe a prokaryote |
No nucleus Circular DNA in nucleoid region No membrane bound organelle Envelope (Cell wall + membrane) |
|
|
What are the 3 domains of life? Which ones are pro or eu? |
Pro - Archaea + Bacteria Eu- Eukarya |
|
|
Describe arachea |
Similar to bacteria Extremophiles Abx resistant Alternative energy sources |
|
|
What is an aerobic bacteria? Anaerobic? What are the 3 types of anaerobes |
Aerobic - need o2 anaerobic - no 02 plz Obligate anaerobe - o2 = dead facultative - switch between o2 and no o2 aerotolerant - can live in o2, but does not use it |
|
|
Difference between a gram negative cell wall and gram positive |
Gram pos - Thick peptidoglycan layer outside of membrane Gram neg - Outer membrane covers thin peptidoglycan layer |
|
|
What is a plasmid? |
Smaller, circular sets of DNA that prokaryotes can adopt. Not actually part of the genome. Bonus perks |
|
|
Describe binary fission |
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes 1. DNA binds to membrane 2. DNA replicates 3. Division Simple when compared to mitosis so pretty rapid |
|
|
Define episome |
Plasmid that can integrate into host genome |
|
|
Describe the 3 methods of bacterial recombination |
Transformation - Lysed bacterial spill out DNA. Host picks up and is transformed Conjugation - Male has sex factor to form sex pilli, female does not. Male transfers DNA to Female Transduction - Virus infects cell and picks up some of the original host DNA when it creates new Viroids. Viroids past the original host DNA to new bacteria. |
|
|
Describe a Virus |
V small Rely on cells to divide No nucleus No organelles Not made of cells |
|
|
Describe the viral structure |
Genetic material: Liner, circular, DNA, or RNA Protein coat - Capsid Envelope (Sometimes) |
|
|
Describe structure of a bacteriophage |
DNA within a capsid Tail sheathe (syringe to inject DNA) Tail fibers (recognition sites) |
|
|
Describe what is meant when a virus is positive sense or negative sense |
Positive sense - Viral RNA is directly translated by host ribosomes Negative Sense - Virus comes equipped with a RNA replicase to obtain the complementary strand of viral RNA. Complementary strand can then be used to assemble viral proteins. |
|
|
What is a retrovirus? |
A single stranded RNA enveloped virus. Contains reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA. DNA can then enter host genome. |
|
|
Difference in infection methods for enveloped viruses and bacteriophages |
Bacteriophages do not enter the cell, they inject their DNA and leave the capsid outside Enveloped viruses enter the cell to deposit genetic content |
|
|
What are the 3 methods for viral progeny release |
1. Cell death - Cell realizes its compromised and dies, spilling virions out 2. Lyse - Cell burst open due to so many virions 3. Extrusion - Progeny exocytose, cell remains alive. Known as the productive cycle |
|
|
What is the lytic cycle? |
Virulent, virus has no regards for cell survival. Max production of virions. |
|
|
What is the lysogenic cycle |
Viral DNA enter host genome as provirus/prohage. Viral DNA reproduces along with bacteria. Provirus may exit and enter into lytic cycle |
|
|
What is a Prion |
Infectious protein that triggers protein misfolding |
|
|
What is a Viroid |
Small circular RNA, binds to host genome to silence certain genes. |
