Biology-Life

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Living

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something that shows the five characteristics of living things

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Cell

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a functional unit of life

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Dead

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something that was previously alive but has since stopped living as it has stopped using energy

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Non-living

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something that does not display the five characteristics of life

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Photosynthesis equations

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6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water + energy --> glucose + oxygen

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Cellular Respiration equations

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C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Glucose + Oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + Energy

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Exothermic

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Exothermic means something releases energy (sometimes in the form of heat) during a chemical reaction.

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Endothermic

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Endothermic means that something needs energy (sometimes in the form of heat) to perform a chemical reaction.

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Nucleus

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A cell organelle which contains most of the cell’s DNA. In both cells.

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Cell (plasma) membrane

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The outer membrane of a cell which controls the entry and exit of substances. In both cells.

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Cytoplasm

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Site of translation, a watery substance that contains dissolved substances, enzymes and cell organelles and structures. In both cells.

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Mitochondria

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Cell energy transformers, they convert chemical energy into ATP. In both cells.

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Chloroplast

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Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll and grana within stroma. In plant cells only.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Comprises a network of tubes and flattened sacs. Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis and has attached ribosomes, and smooth ER is the site for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including hormone synthesis. In both cells.

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Ribosome

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Small structures that manufacture proteins, can be free in cytoplasm or attached to Rough ER. In both cells.

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Golgi body

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Series of flattened, disc shaped sacs stacked on top of each other that stores, modifies and packages proteins and tags them so they go to the correct destination. It is connected with the ER. In both cells.

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Vacuole

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Prominent in plants, filled with an aqueous solution of ions. Function in storage, waste, disposal and growth. There is one large vacuole in a plant cell but many small ones in an animal cell. In both cells.

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Diffusion

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The movement of dissolved substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Osmosis

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Movement of water from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through the cell membrane.

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Surface area to volume ratio

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How large the surface area is of a shape according to the volume. The smaller the shape, the larger the surface area to volume ratio, and the more efficient diffusion is.

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Hypothesis

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An informed guess that is a generalisation about a relationship between variables.

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Independent variable

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Manipulated variable which affects another variable. The variable that is changed.

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Dependent variable

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The variable that is allowed to respond to the manipulation of the independent variable. The variable that changes according to the independent variable.

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Control variable

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The variables that are kept the same (constant) to make an experiment a fair test.

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Metabolism

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The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

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Synthesized

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The combining of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole.

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Organisation of cells

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Atoms --> cells --> tissue -->

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Five characteristics of being alive

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- Reproduction
- Response to stimuli
- Growth and repair
- Exchange of substances with the environment
- Organisation

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Where does photosynthesis occur?

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Chloroplasts

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Where does cellular respiration occur?

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Mitochondria

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Cell wall

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A structure around the outside of plant cells which support the cells and limit volume. In plant cells only.

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Steps in scientific method

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1. Initial observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Data analysis
5. Conclusion

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Lysosome

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Sac bounded by a single membrane, pinched off from Golgi body. They contain and transport enzymes that break down food and foreign matter. Specialised lysosomes are generally absent from plant cells. In both cells but mainly in animal cells.

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Nuclear pore

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A hole in the nuclear membrane which allows communication between the nucleus and the rest of the cell. In both cells.

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Nuclear membrane

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A double layered structure penetrated by holes (nuclear pores) which surrounds and protects the nucleus. In both cells.

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Centrioles

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Structures associated with nuclear division, composed of microtubules. Absent in higher plant cells and some protists. In both cells, mainly animal.