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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three forms of transporting things into and out of the cell?
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Bulk flow, diffusion and osmosis, and transport
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What is transport?
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Components of the membrane actually carry things through the membrane
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What are the two types of transport?
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Facilitated diffusion and active transport
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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High concentration to low concentration, but when they hit the membrane they combine with it
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What is active transport?
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Cells use energy to carry materials through the membrane (against the concentration gradient-low to high)
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What does the Danielli Model cell membrane consist of?
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Proteins and phospholipids
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What does the Danielli Model inner part consist of?
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hydrophobic and hydrophilic tails
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What is the Singer and Nicolson fluid mosaic model?
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It gives a better explanation of selective permeability. Some molecules fit through holes and some are soluble in the lipids
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What are intrinsic proteins?
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Proteins that are embedded within the structure of the membrane
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What are extrinsic proteins?
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Proteins can be removed very easily
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What are the organelles of the cell?
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The cell membrane and the nucleus
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What is the protoplasm?
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Nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm, everything present in the cell
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What is the chromatin?
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Thread-like material that condenses and forms chromosomes
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What are chromosomes?
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Short rod shaped structures that contain genes
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What is sided-ness?
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The inside is different from the outside
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What are recognition proteins?
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They differentiate one cel from another
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What are recognition proteins?
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They recognize molecules in the cell
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What is genotyping?
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Structures of chromosomes in terms of length, position, etc.
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If a cell has two complete sets of chromosomes it is...?
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The cell is a diploid
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If a cell has only one complete set chromosome...?
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The cell is a haploid
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What is mitosis?
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The process by which the diploid number of chromosomes is maintained in cells as they divide
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What is the chromonema?
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The arms of the chromosomes
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What is chromatid?
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An incipient or potential chromosome
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What are the five stages of mitosis?
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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The chromosomes replicate during _____ to form the duplicated chromosomes. What stage is this?
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Interphase
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A. The chromatin threads condense
B. The centrioles duplicate and separate C. Spindle fibers begin to form What stage of mitosis is this? |
Prophase
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A. The nuclear membrane disappears
B. The chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane C. The spindle fibers are completed D. The centromere on each chromosome divides What stage of mitosis is this? |
Metaphase
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The new chromosomes move to the ends of the cell during what stage of mitosis?
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Anaphase
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A. Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell
B. New nuclear membranes form C. The chromosomes elongate and become chromatin D. The cytoplasm divides |
Telophase
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What is cytokinesis?
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The division of the cytoplasm in the cell
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Which stage is the critical stage of mitosis?
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Interphase
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What is the Gap 1 (G1) phase of mitosis?
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It is the recovery from mitosis
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What is the synthesis phase?
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Other half of the replicated chromosome is made
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What is the G2 phase?
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Cell sits and gets ready to begin the next division
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What are the centrioles and their function?
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They determine the plane of division during mitosis. Animal cells have centrioles, but plant cells don't.
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What is the mitochondria and what does it do?
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Contains the DNA and RNA
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What are the inner folds of the mitochondria called?
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Cristae
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum and it's function?
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A set of membranes inside the cell that extend from the nucleus to outside of the cell and provide a route for transport through the cell, divides the cytoplasm into different compartments, and makes proteins
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What is the opening between membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum called?
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Cisternae
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What are ribosomes and what are their functions?
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Make proteins on the ER, made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (r-RNA), and amino acids get linked together to make proteins
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What are the golgi bodies and their functions?
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A series of vesicles that secrete and release carbohydrates that contain alot of Golgi bodies
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What are lysosomes and their function?
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They are small vesicles that contain enzymes that carry out hydrolysis reactions
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What enzymes degrade all of the biological polymers/molecules?
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Hydrolytic enzymes
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What is the nucleoli and it's function?
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Play a role in production of r-RNA and there are more than one
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What is the purpose of the Flagella and cilia?
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They are hairlike structures that move the cell
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How many pairs of microtubules are in the cell?
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9 pairs and 2 more in the center
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What do basal bodies do?
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They connect the flagella or cilia to the cell powerhouse to make them wiggle; control movement; 9 triplets of microtubules
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What is the middle lamella?
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The middle layer that is between the cells that is made of pectin; It is used to make jelly
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What is the primary wall?
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The second layer that is cellulose made of extensin
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What is the secondary wall?
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The third layer made up of almost completely cellulose
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What are the pits with plasmodesmata?
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Holes that go through the cell wall that channel from one cell to another
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