Biology Lecture 5: The Endocrine System

Front 1

Exocrine glands

Back 1

Release enzymes to the external environment through ducts

Front 2

Endocrine glands

Back 2

Release hormones directly into body fluids

Front 3

Hormones Three Basic Chemistry Types

Back 3

1. Peptide hormones
2. Steroid hormones
3. Tyrosine derivatives

Front 4

Peptide hormones
(name them)

Back 4

Anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH & Prolactin

Posterior pituitary: ADH and Oxytocin

Parathyroid hormone PTH

Pancreatic hormone: Glucagon and Insulin

Front 5

Steroid hormones

Back 5

Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol and Aldosterone

Gonads: Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

Front 6

Tyrosine derivatives

Back 6

Thyroid hormones: T3 & T4

Adrenal medulla: Catecholamines -> epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 7

hGH

Back 7

Human growth hormone - stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body by increasing episodes of mitosis

Front 8

ACTH

Back 8

Adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via second messenger system using cAMP

Front 9

TSH

Back 9

Thyroid-stimulating hormone - stimulates thyroid to release T3 & T4 via second messenger system using cAMP

Front 10

Prolactin

Back 10

Promotes lactation by the breasts

Front 11

Oxytocin

Back 11

Increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from the breast

Front 12

ADH

Back 12

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - Reduces amount of urine and increases blood pressure.
Coffee and beer are ADH blockers that increase urine volume

Front 13

Aldosterone

Back 13

Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ secretion in the collecting tube of the kidney which creates a net gain in the plasma and increase blood pressure

Front 14

Cortisol

Back 14

Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for cellular energy

Front 15

Catecholamines

Back 15

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, vasodilators and vasoconstrictors; act on receptors at the membrane
"fight or light" response

Front 16

T3 &T4

Back 16

Diffuse through the lipid bilayer and act in the nucleus of the cells of their effector; increase basal metabolic rate

Front 17

Calcitonin

Back 17

Builds bone mass by decreasing blood calcium and osteoclast activity and number; released by the thyroid gland

Front 18

Insulin

Back 18

(peptide) Lowers blood glucose levels

Front 19

Glucagon

Back 19

(peptide) Raises blood glucose levels

Front 20

PTH

Back 20

Parathyroid hormone (peptide)- Decreases bone mass by increasing blood calcium and increasing osteoclast absorption

Front 21

Peptide hormones

Back 21

Manufactured in the rough ER, transported to the Golgi apparatus and released upon stimulation via exocytosis

Front 22

Steroid hormones

Back 22

Formed in the smooth ER and mitochondria transported to the nucleus and acts at the transcription level

Front 23

Tyrosine derivative hormones

Back 23

Formed by enzymes in the cytosol OR on the rough ER

Front 24

Anterior pituitary

Back 24

PEPTIDE HORMONES
hGH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, & Prolactin

Front 25

Posterior Pituitary

Back 25

PEPTIDES
Oxytocin & ADH
(produced by hypothalamus)

Front 26

Adrenal Cortex

Back 26

STEROID HORMONES
Aldosterone & Cortisol

Front 27

Cleavage

Back 27

the series of synchronized mitotic cell divisions of the fertilized egg that results in the formation of the blastomeres and changes the single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo

Front 28

Morula

Back 28

A zygote comprised of 8 or more cells

Front 29

HCG

Back 29

Human chorionic gonadotropin - prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Front 30

Implantation

Back 30

The process of attachment of the embryo (blastocyte) to the maternal uterine wall (called also nidation)

Front 31

Gastrulation

Back 31

An early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established by invagination of the blastula