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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capsid
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Protein coat of a virus
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Host
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The cell being infected
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Chemical receptor
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Usually a glycoprotein on the host cell's membrane
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria
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Endocytotic process
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Molecules outside the cell are taken into the cell and enclosed by a cell membrane
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Lytic infection
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The virus takes over the cell's reproductive system and begins to produce new viruses
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Latent period
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The period from infection to lysis
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Virulent virus
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Virus following a lytic cycle
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Lysogenic infection
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A bacterium is infected by a bacteriophage that integrates its DNA into that of the host such that the host is not destroyed
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Temperate virus
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A virus in the lysogenic cycle
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Provirus (virus) /Prophage (bacteria)
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Viral DNA remains incorporated in the host DNA and lies dormant or latent
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Viroids
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Small rings of naked RNA without capsids that only infect plants
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Prions
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Naked proteins that cause infections in animals
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Inoculation
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The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies
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Vaccine
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Stimulates immune cells to recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses, and pathogens, especially through antibody production
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Prokaryote domains
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Bacteria and archaea (similarities to eukaryotes)
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Phototrophs
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Use light as their energy source
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Chemotrophs
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Use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter as an energy source
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Nucleoid
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The central region in a prokaryotic cell, as a bacterium, that contains the chromosomes and that has no surrounding membrane
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Micelle
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Amphipathic molecules aggregate polar towards aqueous solution and nonpolar towards each other forming a spherical structure
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Fluid mosaic model
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A model of cell membrane as a tightly packed double layer of phospholipid molecules interspersed with protein molecules
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Active transport
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Movement of a molecule against its electrochemical gradient
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Hypertonic
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Aqueous solution of the cytosol contains more particles than the aqueous solution surrounding them
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Isotonic
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Cytosol contains the same number of particles as the solution outside cytosol
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Hypotonic
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Cytosol contains less particles than the solution outside cytosol
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Gram-positive bacteria
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Thick peptidoglycan wall, gram stains purple
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Gram-negative bacteria
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Thin peptidoglycan wall; gram stains pink
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Bacteria's Three forms of
Genetic Recombination |
1. Conjugation
2. Transformation 3. Transduction |
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Binary fission
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Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms by division into two daughter cells
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Conjugation
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The one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact with a temporary area of fusion
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Plasmid
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Small circles of DNA that exist and replicate independent of bacterial chromosome
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Sex pilus
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Hollow protein tube that connects the two bacteria allowing DNA to pass
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Two important plasmids on MCAT
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F plasmid - Fertility factor
R plasmid - Resistance to certain antibodies |
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Transformation
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Bacteria incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome
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Transduction
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The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus
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Fungi
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Live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow; heterotrophs
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Saprophytic
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Living off dead organic matter
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Septa
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Cell walls of fungi
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Chitin
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Polysaccharide in the septa of fungi
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Mycelium
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The vegetative body of a fungus
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Hyphae
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One of the threads that make up the mycelium of a fungus; haploid
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