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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles Darwin
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Descent with modification
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Descent with modification
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natural selection, tree of life, spread of descendents into different habitats with different modifications fitted for survival
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Plato (427-347)
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type of clay, 2 worlds: real world and illusionary world
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aristotle (384-322)
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plato's student, organisms arranged in scale of nature or great chain of being. Linear hierarchy from inanimate matter through plants, lower animals and humans to angels and other spiritual beings
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real world
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invisible, unchanging, perfect and eternal
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illusionary world
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perceived through senses, imperfect and transitory
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Plato's typological view of nature
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single perfect type for each species in real world, individual variations in illusionary world seen as imperfect copies of real type
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Aristotle's ladder of life
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provided foundation for natural theology. Realm of Being: God, Angels, Demons, Man, Animals, Plants, Minerals- from being to non-being
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Christian natural theology
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-St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century).
-Dominated thinking in England for nearly 2 centuries -Natural Theology scientifically important |
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St. Thomas Aquinas
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God could be understood by studying his creation- the natural world. Adaptations of organisms are evidence of benevolent Creator who designed each species for particular purpose
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Timeline of evolutionary theory
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-Linnaeus (classification)
-Hutton (gradual geological change) -Lamarck (species can change) -Malthus (population limits) -Cuvier (fossils, extinction) -Lyell (modern geology) -Darwin (evolution, natural selection) -Mendel (inheritance) -Wallace (evolution, natural sel |
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Carolus Linnaeous (1707-1778)
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founder of taxonomy and first edition of systema naturae
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Systema Naturae
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identified species using binomial system of nomenclature, adopted ested classification system withs imilar organisms grouped into increasingly general categories, named humans homo sapiens
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nomenclature
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genus name followed by specied name
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tree line
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Kingdom> phylum> class> order> family> genus> species
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1st comprehensive theory of evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1809 |
Organisms continually arise by spontaneous generation. Inheritance of acquired characteristics, evolution occurs because organisms have innate drive to become more complex
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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organisms develop adaptations to changed environment through use and disuse of organs, and acquired characteristics transmitted to offspring
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Forerunners to Darwin
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Cuvier, Hutton, Lyell, Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
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Political economist, wrote essay that said human suffering (disease, famine, war) results from human population's potential to increase faster than food and other resources, food production increase linearly, and population grows geometrically. His essay was profoundly important in Darwin's development of principle of natural selection
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Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
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developed paleontology, extinctions common in history of life, advocated catastrophism
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catastrophism
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each boundary between strata represented local catastrophe that destroyed many species, region then repopulated by species from other areas
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James Hutton (1726-1797)
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promoted gradualism- earth's geologic features explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today
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Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
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Principles of Geology- incorporated gradualism into theory of uniformitarianism
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uniformitarianism
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the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes, often contrasted with catastrophism. earth shaped by ongoing, observable processes, steady accmulation of minute changes over long time spans
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Voyage of HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
During the Voyage |
Darwin collected thousands of specimens, observed adaptations of plants and animals inhabiting diverse environments. *visited Galapagos Islands, collected species of finches unique to individual islands
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Voyage of HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
On return to England |
Darwin began to see adaptation to environment and origin of new species as closely related processes
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Artificial selection
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selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans to produce certain characteristics which results in great variation in traits
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Natural selection
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different environments could modify species in same way through natural selection. *beaks and behaviors of galapagos finches adapted to foods available on different islands*
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Competition
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Many more individuals are born than survive because resources are limited
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Variability
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Individuals vary in their characteristics
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Natural Selection
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Some individuals are more successful in struggle to survive in a given environment than others
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Heritability
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These survivors pass on their characteristics to next generation
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Adaptation
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Unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to gradual change in population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations
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Blending inheritance
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Characteristics of an individual result from blending of hereditary determinants from its parents, blending of hereditary determinants rapidly depletes genetic variation necessary for natural selection
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Pangenesis
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a more complex theory of inheritance, incorporated both blending inheritance and inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Gemmules
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contains hereditary information from every part of body coalesce in gonads and are incorporated into reproductive cells
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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a source of variation. "In variations caused by the dire t actions of changed conditions... certain parts of the body are directly affected by the new conditions, and consequently throw off modified gemmules which are transmitted to the offspring"
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Doctrine of the Continuity of the Germ Plasm- August Weismann (1834-1914)
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Argued for molecular distinction between soma and germ cells, generations linked exclusively by germ cells, changes to somatic cells have no effect on germ cells, rules out inheritance of acquired characteristics >>> cut tails of 21 generations of rats and the 22nd generation still had tails
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Particulate theory of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel |
Parents pass on discrete heritable factors that retain their separate identities in offspring, heritable factors passed along generation after generations in undiluted form
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Particulate genes and blended characters
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Mendel established basic rules governing how traits passed from parents to offspring
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gene
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individual has two copies of each hereditary factor
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law of segregation
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each gamete receives one of the two copies present in individual
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law of independent assortment
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copies from different genes transmitted to gametes independently of each other
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Mendelism
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a controversial model of heredity in 1900. Many phenotypic characters show continuous (not discrete) variation and apparent blending (not particulate) inheritance
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incomplete dominance
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two alleles both expressed in heterozygote which exhibits intermediate phenotype
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codominance
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two alleles both expressed in heterozygote which has composite rather than blended phenotype
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Genetic variation arises by chance through...
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mutation (imperfections in DNA replication) and recombination (crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis)
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Populations evolve by changes in frequencies of alleles between generations resulting from...
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genetic drift, gene flow, especially natural selection
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Speciation
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*new species formation- occurs gradually as populations become reproductively isolated, which usually involves geographic barriers
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Darwin's definition of evolution
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descent with modification
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Modern definition of evolution
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change in the genetic composition of a population through time (across generations)
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homology
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underlying similarity between structures with different functions in related species tat results from common ancestry
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Tailbone, also called
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coccyx
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Tailbone in ancestral primates of humans... 3 facts
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-they were arboreal and tail adapted for use as prehensile limb and organ of balance
-in the transition to terrestrial habitat, tail became useless and slowly disappeared -fused vertebrae of human tailbone are vestiges of this tail |
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"Evolution is just a theory"
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implies lack of knowledge or a guess and suggests that there is no evidence that evolution occurs
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theory of evolution by natural selection is a scientific theory, why?
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body of interconnected concepts supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence that explains the facts, and is widely accepted because its predictions stand up to thorough and continual testing
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evolution is an accepted scientific fact, why?
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genetic changes through time documented in variety of organisms
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