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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are cuttings?
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Removing part of a parent plant (African Violet)
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What is fragmentation?
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The parent plant is broken into pieces and each piece grows into a new plant (Algae)
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What are horizontal stems and the two types?
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Horizontal stems are stems that don't grow vertically. The two types are Runner or Stolons and Rhizomes
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What are runners or stolons?
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Plants that grow above the ground (strawberries)
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What are rhizomes?
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Plants that grow underground (potato)
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What is fission?
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Occurs in one celled animals and divides two cells into separate ones and they go off to live individually (amoeba)
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What is budding?
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Process of mitosis and divdes to differentiate into an entirely new animal
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What is a colony?
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When the animal does NOT break off and separate from the parent (coral)
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What is regeneration?
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When a parent gets cut or torn then each part can grow into a new animal (starfish)
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What happens in the production of identical twins?
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Zygote is formed, undergoes normal development, 2 cells form separate and undergo normal development
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What is the animal life cycle?
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Cells in a diploid organism undergo meiosis to from gametes. The gametes fuse to form the zygote that undergoes mitosis, grows and develops into the adult diploid organism
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What are the sex organs?
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Gonads, Testes and Ovaries
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What are the sex cells?
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Gametes, sperm, and eggs
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What are the sex ducts/tubes?
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Sperm duct and oviduct
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What is spermatogenesis?
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The production of sperm cells inside the testes
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What are the spermatogonia?
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Where meiosis occurs inside the testes dividing by mitosis and producing more and more
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What is the primary spermatocyte?
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The enlarged spermatogonia that begins to proudce a sperm cell; the 1st division of meiosis occurs
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What is the secondary spermatocyte?
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2 cells formed from primary spermatocyte; 2nd division of meiosis occurs
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What are spermatids?
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4 cells present after 2nd division occurs; they are mature and start off with 1 diploid cell and break down to 4 haploids
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What is the function of the head of the sperm?
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It is the head nucleus
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What does the sheath covering of the head do?
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Covers the outside of the head
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What is the acrosome?
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Contains the golgi bodies and the lysosomes
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What is the proximal centriole?
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The indentation of the head
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What is the axial filament?
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The other centriole located in the flagellum
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What is the middle piece?
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Provide energy for the movement of the tail of the sperm
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What is oogenensis?
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The process of egg production
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What are oogonia?
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Cells that produce egg cells inside the ovary that undergo mitosis to produce more oogonia but only during embryonic development; limited number
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What is the primaary oocyte?
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Enlarged cell; 400,000 present at birth
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What is the follicle?
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A combination of the oocytes and other cells inside the ovary
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What is the secondary oocyte and the first polar body?
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2 unequal cells that occur inside the ovary; the secondary oocyte gets the yolk and cytoplasm
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What are the ootid and second polar body?
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2nd division in meiosis; division of ootid produces 2 unequal cells
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What are the two second polar bodies?
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Occur after ovulation and the ootid becomes the actual egg
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What is ovulation?
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When the egg has been released
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What animals don't have backbones?
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Invertebrates (jellyfish, clams, oysters)
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What is external fertilization?
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Very random process in which eggs and sperm cells are released outside the body
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What are hermaphrodites?
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An individual has ovaries AND testes
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What is self-fertilization?
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When egg cells can be fertilized by the sperm cells off the individual
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What is cross-fertilization?
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Sometimes the egg and sperm won't fuse together, so some mechanism occurs in which sperm from one individual comes into contact with cells of another
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What is forced cross-fertilization?
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Producing egg cells and sperms cells simultaneously
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