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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 main outcomes of interactions among species?
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they affect the distribution and abundance of the interacting species. They are agents of natural selectin and thus affect the evolution of the interacting species.
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Extinction and the relationship between species.
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The fate of a particular population may be tightly linked to the other species that share its habitat.
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What is competition?
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It is a negative/negative interaction that occurs when individuals use the same limited resources. They both can lose.
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Example of territorial competition
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Grizzly bears drive off black bears.
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Example of encounter competition
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Spotted hyenas and vultures fight over a kill.
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For competition, who is often given the priority for winning?
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The larger animals....they are mobile and can run away.
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What is consumptive competition?
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Organisms consume the same resources, as in tress competing for water and nutrients.
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What is chemical competition?
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One species produces toxins that negatively affect another....as in a few plants growing under shrubs.
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What is overgrowth competition?
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One organisms grows over another. As in the larger fern has overgrown other individuals and is shading them.
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What is preemptive competition?
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Individuals occupy space, preventing access to resources. As in space preempted by barnacles being unavailable to competitors.
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What is an ecological niche?
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The sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
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What is fitness?
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The ability of an organism to produce surviving fertile offspring in a given environment; more offspring = higher fitness.
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How can niches be quantified and visualized?
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By plotting along a series of axes; types of food eaten; temperature ranges etc.
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Give examples of plotting niches
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Plotting a species who eat sees of a certain size range.
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What is a partial niche overlap?
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competition for seeds of intermediate size. Has a direct inter specific competition.
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What is the competitive exclusion principle?
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It states that it is not possible for species within the same niche to coexist.
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When does competitive exclusion occur?
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When competition is asymmetric. One species has a higher fitness
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What is symmetric competition?
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Where both species have the same fitness. Very uncommon
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How do niches overlap when competition is asymmetric?
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They overlap completely. However, niches typically overlap partially, and not completely in a same community.
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What is a fundamental niche?
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The resources used or conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors
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What is the realized niche?
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the resources used or conditions tolerated when competition does occur.
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What did Joe Connell test about barnacles?
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The factors controlling competitive exclusion and resource partitioning on rocky North Atlantic shores.
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What is the difference between semibalanus and chthamalus barnacles?
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The chthamalus are much more dessication resistant. (high heat where no water is)
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Where both semibalanus and chthamalus grow, who is the top competitor?
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The semibalanus, because they grow much bigger and can crush the chthamalus.
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Over time, what can competition lead to?
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Niche differentiation. Natural selection favors individuals that do not compete because even the dominant competitor is hurt during competition.
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