Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gene
|
Sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein of RNA molecule
|
|
|
Allele
|
Alternative form of a gene
|
|
|
Dominant
|
An allele that is expressed whenever it is present
|
|
|
Recessive
|
Allele whose expression is masked if a dominant allele is present
|
|
|
Homozygous
|
Possessing two IDENTICAL alleles for a particular gene
|
|
|
Heterozygous
|
Possessing two DIFFERENT alleles for a particular gene
|
|
|
True Breeding
|
Breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype.
|
|
|
Test Cross
|
Breeding an individual of unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual to reveal the unknown genotype
|
|
|
What direction does DNA replication take place?
|
5' 3'
|
|
|
What are the steps in DNA replication?
|
DNA splits; DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides; 5' 3' Direction; Builds 2 DNA strands;
|
|
|
What enzymes are necessary in DNA replication?
|
DNA Polymerase
|
|
|
Where does DNA replication take place?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
When does DNA replication take place?
|
S phase of Interphase
|
|
|
Transcription
|
Converts information found in DNA into an RNA format
|
|
|
Where does transcription take place?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
When does transcription take place?
|
Interphase
|
|
|
Translation
|
The process of converting the information in RNA into a protein format to build amino acids
|
|
|
Where does translation take place?
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
|
Start Codon
|
AUG
|
|
|
Stop Codon
|
UGA, UAA, and UAG
|
|
|
When does translation take place?
|
Interphase
|
|
|
Natural selection
|
Differential reproduction of organisms whose genetic traits better adapt them to a particular environment
|
|
|
Who were Peter and Rosemary Grant?
|
Monitored Darwin's finch's beak sizes on the Galapagos Islands
|
|
|
What did the Grants determine?
|
The dryer the season the larger the beak
|
|
|
How does seed size relate to precipitation?
|
Rain = More small seeds
Drought = Large seeds |
|
|
What type of seed was recovered the easiest in the experiment?
|
Green peas
|
|
|
Examples of Animals found only on Cuba
|
Cuban rock Iguana; Cuban Parakeet; Bee Hummingbird
|
|
|
What are the conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
|
--Large population
--Random mating --No mutations --No migration in or out --No natural selection |
|
|
In Hardy-Weinberg what does "p" stand for & what does "q" stand for?
|
p = dominant allele
q = recessive allele 2pq = heterozygous |
|
|
Three bacterial types
|
Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum
Draw them |
|
|
Is cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria) prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
|
Prokaryotic
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
|
--Cell wall
--No nucleus --Flagellum |
|
|
How do antibiotics attack bacteria?
|
Interfere with production of the cell wall
|
|
|
What are the differences between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?
|
--Gram Positive (Purple) = Thick cell wall
--Gram Negative (Pink) = Thin cell wall |
|
|
What are Protists?
|
Contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus
|
|
|
Are Protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
|
Eukaryotic
|
|
|
Autotrophic
|
Produces its own energy
|
|
|
Heterotrophic
|
Gets energy from consuming others
|
|
|
Animal-like Protists
|
--Eukaryotic heterotrophs
--Amoebas, Paramecium, Borticella, Trichonympha, and Trypanosomes |
|
|
What are Fungi?
|
Decomposers and parasites; unable to self-produce their own food
|
|
|
Plant-like Protists
|
--Autotrophic
--Photosynthetic --Euglena, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, and Green algae |
|
|
How do fungi digest material?
|
Secrete digestive enzymes and absorb molecules through their cell walls
|
|
|
Fungi kingdoms four phyla based on spore type
|
--Chytridiomycota: zoospore
--Zygomycota: zygospore --Ascomycota: ascus w/ ascospores --Basidiomycota: basidium w/ basidiospores |
|
|
Spore
|
Reproductive cell of a fungus
|
|
|
Fruiting body
|
Multicellular spore-bearing organ of a fungus
|
|
|
What are lichen?
|
Two creatures; A mutualistic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi
|
|
|
What are Mycorrhizae?
|
Mutualistic relationship with plants and their roots
|
|
|
What do Mycorrihizae do for plants?
|
Help gather water and nutrients from the surrounding area
|
|
|
Alternation of generations
|
Alternating multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) phases in their life cycles
|
|
|
What are the two phyla of seedless plants?
|
--Bryophyta: The Mosses
--Pterophyta: The Ferns |
|
|
What are the differences between Mosses and Ferns?
|
--Mosses (eggs)--Ferns (spores)
--Ferns contain male and female parts |
|
|
Why is there such a large size difference between mosses and ferns?
|
Ferns are vascular so they can transport nutrients easier
|
|
|
Sori
|
Collection of sporangia that hold haploid spores on the underside of a fern frond
|
|
|
Why does fertilization in the seedless plants require water?
|
Water is how the sperm reach the egg
|
|
|
Rhizoids
|
Anchor mosses but dont absorb anything
|
|
|
Where are eggs housed in seedless plants?
|
Archegonia
|
|
|
Where are sperm housed in seedless plants?
|
Antheridium
|
|
|
Frond
|
Mature Sporophyte
|
|
|
Heart-shaped fern gametophyte
|
--Called the prothalus
--Houses both antheridium and archegonia |
|
|
Juvenile stage of a fern frond
|
Fiddlehead
|
|
|
What phyla do flowering plants belong to?
|
Angiosperms
|
|
|
Which flower parts are male & which are female?
|
Male--Pollen
Female--Ovule |
|
|
What is a fruit?
|
The swollen ovary of an angiosperm that contains at least one seed
|
|
|
Pollen
|
Immature male gametophyte in seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
|
|
|
How can pollen be dispersed?
|
--Animals
--Insects --Wind |
|
|
Monocot
|
An angiosperm w seeds that have one seed leaf
|
|
|
Cotelydon
|
Seed leaf in angiosperms
|
|
|
Dicot
|
Angiosperm with seeds that have two seed leaves
|
|
|
How have conifer leaves adapted to drought?
|
Developing needle-like leaves
|
|
|
Cone
|
A pollen or ovule bearing structure in many gymnosperms
|
|
|
Invertebrates
|
No skull or backbone
|
|
|
Radial symmetry
|
Have a center axis through the animal that divides the body into mirror images; Hydra
|
|
|
Bilateral symmetry
|
Have only one plane that divides the animal into mirror images
|
|
|
Coelom
|
fluid-filled body cavity that forms completely within mesoderm;
|
|
|
Pseudocoelomate
|
Fluid-filled animal body cavity lined by endoderm and mesoderm; Round worms
|
|
|
Acoelomate
|
No coelom; Planaria
|
|
|
Mesoderm
|
Embryonic germ layer that forms between ectoderm and endoderm in an animal embryo
|
|
|
Coelomate
|
Humans, animals, snails, insects, and sea stars
|
|
|
Phylum Porifera
|
The sponges
--Colonies of single cells --Do not move location --Filter small organisms thru pores --No tissues |
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria
|
Jellies, hydra, corals, and anemones; Diploblastic
--Cnidocytes for defense --2 forms (polyp & medusa) --polyp doesnt move; medusa mobile --Nematocyst |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes
|
Flatworms--planeria, tapeworms, flukes
--Triploblastic; Acoelomate --parasitic --Water or moist habitat |
|
|
Phylum Molusca
|
Clams, snails, octopuses, and squid
--3 primary body sections; the muscular foot, the mantle (shell), and the visceral mass (contains organs) |
|
|
Phylum Annelida
|
Segmented worms--earthworms, leech
--Triploblastic; Coelomate --Water and land |
|
|
Phylum Nematoda
|
Roundworms
--Triploblastic; Pseudocoelomate --Water, land, and parasites in other animals and plants --Ascaris |
|
|
Phylum Anthropoda
|
Insects, Crustaceans, and arachnids
--Many segments --exoskeleton made of chitin --Insects and arachnids on land --Crustaceans in water |
|
|
Triploblastic
|
Mesoderm (muscles)
|
|
|
Diploblastic
|
Only jellyfish
--ectoderm and endoderm |
|
|
Ectoderm
|
Outside skin
|
|
|
Endoderm
|
Inner Skin
|
|
|
Gastropoda
|
a shell or none and usually with a distinct head bearing sensory organs
|
|
|
Ascaris
|
found in the human small intestine and causing colic and diarrhea
|
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata
|
Sea stars, Urchins, Sand dollars
--tube feet to move and eat --capable of regeneration --spiny skin |
|
|
Bivalvia
|
oysters; clams; scallops; mussels
|
|
|
Nematocyst
|
Ejectable thread that causes a sting
|
|
|
What are the four characteristics of chordates?
|
--A notochord
--A dorsal hollow nerve cord --Phoryngeal pouches --A postanal tail --pg. 135 |
|
|
What phyla are vertebrates?
|
Subphyla of the Chordates
|
|
|
Class Agnatha
|
Jawless fish called lampreys
Phyla-Chordate; Subphyla-Vertebrate --Oldest vertebrate --Some are parasites that attach to a host |
|
|
Class Chondrichtyes
|
Sharks, rays, and skates
--Phyla-Chordate; Subphyla-Vertebrate --Cartilage skeleton --Smooth skin |
|
|
Class Osteichthyes
|
Bony fish--Salmon and goldfish
--Phyla-Chordate; Subphyla-Vertebrate --Bone skeleton --Scales --Swim bladders for buoyancy |
|
|
Class Amphibia
|
Frogs, salamanders, newts
--Phyla-Chordate; Subphyla-Vertebrate --Smooth skin --Spend part of lifecycle in water and part on land |
|
|
Class Reptilia
|
Snakes, lizards, birds
Phyla-Chordate;SubphylaVertebrate --Scaly skin or feathers --Birds are endothermic |
|
|
Class Mammalia
|
Monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals; Subphyla-Vertebrate
--Monotremes lay eggs --Mammals have hair and milk --Marsupials babies live in pouches |
|
|
Division Bryophyta
|
The mosses; Kingdom plantae
--Non vascular --Sexual reproduction |
|
|
Division Pterophyta
|
The ferns; Kingdom plantae
--Vascular --Spores |
