Biology Lab Ch 27 Fungi

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Fungi include...

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(SLM2)-Sac Fungi, Molds, Mushrooms, Lichen

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hypha

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basic fungus structure, slender filament of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed by a cell wall

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mycelium

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mass of hyphae making up an individual organism

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extracellular digestion

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breakdown nutrients outside of cell

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absorptive heterotrophs

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do extracellular digestion and then mycelium/hyphae absorb the nutrients

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saprophytes

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fungi that feed on dead organic matter

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parasites

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fungi that feed on living organisms

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haustoria

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in parasitic fungi
thin extensions of hyphaie that penetrate the living cells and absorb nutrients

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septa

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crosswalls made up of chitin that separate the cytoplasm and nuclei into different cells

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coenocytic

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multinucleate because no septa

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chitin

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make of cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects/crustaceans

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is reproduction in fungi asexual or sexual?

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both

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spores

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small, haploid vegetative cells suited for harsh environments

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photoaxis

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an organism's orientation to light (ex: Pilobolus points its sporangia towards the sun)

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ways to reproduce asexually...

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spores, budding, fragmentation

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budding

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mitosis with unequal distribution of cytoplasm where the organism with the least amount of cytoplasm falls off and grows into a mature organism

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fragmentation

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organism breaks into one or more pieces that each develop into a mature organism

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plasmogamy

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fusion of cytoplasm

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karyogamy

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fusion of nuclei (fertilization)

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4 major features of a fungal life cycle:

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-nuclei of mycelium have haplontic life cycle
-gametes are produced by mitosis since cells are already haploid
-meiosis quickly follows after zygote forms
-haploid cells produced by meiosis are spores that grow into mature haploid organisms(mycelia)

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4 major phyla of fungi

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(ABCzzzzzz) Ascomyceta, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota

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where do the names of the phyla come from?

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their sexual reproductive structures

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Ascomycota a.k.a.?
Include what?

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sac fungi;
yeasts, Penicillin

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Key reproductive feature of Ascomycota...

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sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci

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what are the spores of ascomycetes called?

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conidia produced in conidiophores

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dikaryotic

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2 nuclei in a cell

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monokaryotic

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1 nucleus in a cell

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Basidiomycota aka?
include what?

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club fungi (most familiar);
mushrooms, puffballs, plant pathogens (rust and smuts)

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Key reproductive feature of Basidiomycota...

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sexual spores borne externally on basidia(club shaped) which line the gills

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Chrytridiomycota

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chytrids (oldest fungi)
aquatic saprobes or parasites on plants/animals/protists
have flagella
**motile spores with flagella**

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Zygomycota aka...
description?

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Bread molds
-most are saprophytic and aseptate

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Key reproductive feature of Zygomycota?

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resistant zygosporatngium as sexual stage

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Example of Zygomycota

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Rhizopus

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rhizoids

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holdfasts of Rhizopus (modified hyphae)

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stolons

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connecting hyphae of Rhizopus

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sporangiophores

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asexual reproductive structures in Rhizopus (upright hyphae)

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gametangia

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structure formes when + and - hyphae of Rhizopus come in contact

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zygosporangium

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forms because wall between gametangia breaks down and nuclei fuse in Rhizopus

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What is a lichen?

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an ascomycete living symbiotically with a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

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3 basic growth forms of lichens

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crustose, foliose and fruticose

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crustose lichens grow...

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close to the surface of a hard substrate (ex: rock or bark)
-flat and 2D

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foliose lichens grow...

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adhered to substrate but some of the thallus peels and folds away from the substrate in small sheets

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fruticose lichens grow...

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away from the substrate with erect stalks and are 3D (ascus may form at stalk tips for ascomycete sexual reproduction)

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Why are lichens sensitive to air pollution?

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absorb nutritents and minerals form the air