Biology Lab

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Protein

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one of the four major groups of organic molecules in living systems. Proteins are large molecules or macromolecules formed from smaller units, amino acids. Each particular type of protein has a characteristic sequence of amino acids that gives the protein its unique properties. There are tens of thousands of different proteins in the body of an organism like man, each having a specific function. Proteins are among the most important molecules occurring in living organisms. Examples of proteins: Enzymes, Hemoglobin, antibodies, contractile proteins, structural proteins (keratin).

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Lipids

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One of the four major groups of organic molecules in living cells. Lipids are substances which share a common property, inability to mix with water. Four basic groups of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, soaps, and steroids.

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Carbohydrates

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One of the four major organic molecules. the preferred sources of energy for cells. class of one of the four major organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Nucleic Acids

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The building blocks of organisms: DNA and RNA

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Macromolecules

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Examples of macromolecules include proteins, starch (a carbohydrate), and RNA or DNA (nucleic acids)

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Polymers

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macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids.

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Monomers

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small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer; ex, glucose is a monomer of starch.

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Amino Acids

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Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH).

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Triglycerides

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One of the four basic groups of lipids. Neutral fats, including fats and oils. fats and oils contain large quantities of stored engery and are good insulators. Contains a backbone molecule called glycerol, to which are attached three fatty acids.The particular fatty acids present in a triglyceride give it its characteristic properties, ex, whether it is a fat or oil, is saturated or unsaturated, etc.

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Phospholipids

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molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.

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Enzymes

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Protein responsible for the metabolic reactions which take place in cells.

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Hemoglobin

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Protein that transports oxygen inside the body.

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Antibodies

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Proteins that are a part of the immune system.

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Contractile Proteins

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Proteins that cause muscles to contract.

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Structural Proteins (Keratin)

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Keratin are proteins that make up the hair and nails and collagen which is in the skin.

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Soaps

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One of the four basic groups of lipids.

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Steroids

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one of the four basic groups of lipids. type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone.

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Fats

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A triglyceride, organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue (connective tissue in which fat is stored). *contain large quantities of stored energy and are good insulators.

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Glycerol

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the backbone molecule of triglyceride, to which three fatty acids are attached to.

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Fatty Acids

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Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group. three fatty acids attach to the backbone molecule glycerol to make a triglyceride. the particular fatty acids present in a triglyceride give it its characteristic properties: whether it is a fat or oil, whether it is saturated or unsaturated.

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Monosaccharide

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simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis.

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Glucose

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six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration. A monosaccharide, a molecule primarily utilized for energy production in almost all cells.

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Disaccharides

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sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide, example maltose sucrose and lactose.

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Fructose

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"fruit sugar" a monosaccharide.

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Maltose

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a dissaccharide, formed from 2 glucose molecules.

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Lactose

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a disaccharide, sugar in milk.

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Polysaccharide

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large numbers of the monosaccharide glucose are joined together. polymer made from sugar monomers. common polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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Ninhydrin

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a reagent which produces a purple or violet color in the presence of most amino acids. Detects amino acids.

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Emulsifier

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breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier.

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Bile

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secretion of the liver that's temporarily stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine, where it emulsifies fat.

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Organic Molecule

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Molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen, and often contains oxygen as well; organic molecules are associated with living things. four major organic molecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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What are the four basic groups of lipids?

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tryglycerides, phospholipids, soaps, and steroids.

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What are the four major groups of organic molecules in living systems?

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proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

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Oils

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A triglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids. *contain large quantities of stored energy and are good insulators.

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sucrose

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a disaccharide, formed from glucose and fructose and is better known as "table sugar".