Biology Lab 1-6

Front 1

Coccus type

Back 1

bacteria spherical in shape. Cells may occur singly, in chains, or in clusters

Front 2

Bacillus type

Back 2

rod-shaped bacteria, singly or in chains. May be seen on the Spirillum slides

Front 3

Spirillum type

Back 3

spirally-curved rods (bacteria)
may occur singly , in chains, or in clusters

Front 4

Phytoplankton are? And are of interest

Back 4

floating microscopic algae
produce 50% of worlds oxygen

Front 5

eutrophication

Back 5

too much nutrients --> too many oxygen producing algae --> eat all the food --> die, and use up oxygen while decaying --> no more oxygen

Front 6

parenchymatous thallus

Back 6

green algae
an undifferentiated body that is usually flat and prostrate

Front 7

pyrenoids

Back 7

clear structures within the choloroplasts [of oedogonium] where sugars are converted into strarch

Front 8

# of apical caps determine..

Back 8

the number of cell divisions undergone by any single cell, they are present at the apex of each cell

Front 9

zoospores [oedogonium]

Back 9

moltile single cells (haploid)
any cell of a filament my round up and give rise to a single, multiflagellated zoospore
eventually settles down, loses its flagella, and begins dividing by vegetative cell divisions to forms a new filament

Front 10

oogamous

Back 10

having or involving a small motile male gamete and a large immobile female gamete

Front 11

oogonia

Back 11

[oedogonium]
female reproductive structures

Front 12

antheridia

Back 12

[oedogonium]
male reproductive structures

Front 13

homothallic

Back 13

[oedogonium]
if oogonia (female reproductive structures) and antheridia (male reproductive structures) are produced on the same filament

Front 14

heterothallic

Back 14

[oedogonium]
if oogonia (female reproductive structures) and antheridia (male reproductive structures) are produced on separate filaments

Front 15

transmittance

Back 15

the amount of light that passes through a solution

Front 16

absorbance

Back 16

that does not pass through a solution

Front 17

ectoplasm

Back 17

[ameoba]
a thin, clear layer of cytoplasm near the surface of the cell

Front 18

pellicle

Back 18

[paramecium]
a clear, elastic membrane that encloses the cytoplasm
fairly rigid, gives it definite shape

Front 19

cilia

Back 19

[paramecium]
fine hair-like extensions from the cytoplasm

Front 20

trichocysts

Back 20

[paramecium]
hairs enclosed in small capsules lying beneath the pellicle
function - anchorage, defence, immobilizing prey

Front 21

oral groove

Back 21

[paramecium]
a prominent grove on one side for ingesting food

Front 22

gullet

Back 22

[paramecium]
the tube beyond the oral grove
food is prepared for packaging into a vacuole

Front 23

cytoproct

Back 23

[paramecium]
a pore in the pellicle used for excretion of wastes
near posterior end

Front 24

coenocytic

Back 24

[fungi]
many nuclei within a common cytoplasm

Front 25

septa

Back 25

[fungi]
hyphae may be divided into this type of cross wall
do not completely separate cells

Front 26

stolons

Back 26

[Rhizopus, bread mold]
prostrate (horizontally oriented) hyphae
cover the substrate

Front 27

rhizoids

Back 27

[Rhizopus, bread mold]
root-like projections
act in anchorage and absorption of organic matter

Front 28

Rhizopus asexual reproduction

Back 28

[Rhizopus, bread mold]
asexual, non motile spores
lack fleshy fruiting structure
spores produced in aerial sporangia, atop stalk-like sporangiophores that are stolon outgrowths

Front 29

Rhizopus sexual reproduction

Back 29

[Rhizopus, bread mold]
need two heterothallic strains (+ and -)
hyphal outgrowths enlarge to form progametangia
progametangia soon divided from rest of fungus by septum, resulting in a terminal gametangium
gametangia (multinucleate) fuze, create multinucleate zygosporangium
single zygospore is formed within the zygosporangium when 1n nuclei fuze to create multiple 2n nuclei

Front 30

Soredia

Back 30

[lichens]
asexual reproductive strctures, clusters of either cyanobacteria or algae enclosed in fugal hyphae

Front 31

lichen pair

Back 31

fungus and algae or cyanobacterium

Front 32

alien/exotic species

Back 32

organisms that did not originally occur in an area, but have become established as a direct result of human activities

Front 33

invasive species

Back 33

organisms that have life-history characteristics that enable them to colonize and spread rapidly in a habitat (and can displace the original vegetation community)

Front 34

life-history characteristics common to invasive species (3)

Back 34

1) abundant seed production
2)rapid growth under a range of conditions
3) highly successful seed dispersal, germiniation and colonization

Front 35

Anthriscus sylveris

Back 35

(wild chervil)
came from eurasia, found in moderately disturbed habitat
moist

Front 36

transects

Back 36

simply a straight line marked along the ground to define where sampling will be counducted

Front 37

IAA

Back 37

indolacetic acid
an auxin
synthesized in shoot apex and move towards base causing an increacein the size of cells formed from the apical meristem

Front 38

gibberellins

Back 38

effects seed germination and stem growth
in stems promote cell elongation and cell division

Front 39

apical dominance

Back 39

the suppression of lateral branches that normally appear from lateral buds located in leaf axils
this suppression results from a high level of IAA in growing tip of stem
promote main stem growth while inhibiting lateral branching

Front 40

tropism

Back 40

a change in the direction of growth of a plant due to differences in growth rates on each side of a growing axis

Front 41

plant photoreceptors

Back 41

are pigments (light absorbing proteins) that can respond to changes in light level
allow plants to detect changes in night length and the passage of seasons
(help control flowering, circadian rhythms, photomorphogenesis)

Front 42

circadian rhythms

Back 42

outward manifestations of a biological clock

Front 43

photomorphogenesis

Back 43

changes in plant morphology due to light changes

Front 44

etiolation

Back 44

a photomorphogenesis of plants grown in the dark.
stems become elongated and spindly, leaves are poorly developed
stem apex remains ooked

Front 45

dwarf VS normal
IIA and gibberellins

Back 45

The application of giberellins on dwarf plants promotes stem elongation so that the dwarf plants are close in size to normal plants. (Normal plants are unaffected by gibberellins.) IAA does not affect dwarf plants. Dwarf plants sprayed with IAA will be the same size as the control dwarf plants.

Front 46

Nastic movement in Mimosa pudica

Back 46

Tropisms are caused by hormones and are slower. The plant must grow before the response is visible. In contrast, plant movements are caused by changes in turgor and can therefore happen very rapidly.

Front 47

thigmotropism

Back 47

the turning or bending of a plant stem in response to a touch stimulus (towards the stimulus)

Front 48

transpiration

Back 48

the loss of water by evaporation from the aerial part of the plant shoot

Front 49

transpiration stream

Back 49

powered by transpiration
the movement of water from the soil through the root tissues and up the stem through the xylem

Front 50

transpiration pull

Back 50

the lifting force exerted by the loss of water through the leaves on the columns of water in the xylem elements
signifigant in the movement of the transpiration stream
depends on the great cohesive forces between individual water molecules and the resulting tension

Front 51

potometer

Back 51

measures the amount of water that is being pulled up a stem
(a rubber tube is connected to a shoot and a water filled burette

Front 52

root pressure

Back 52

pressure pushing up towards the stem
unlike transpiration pull, it is not a purely physical phenomenon
generated by the metabolic energy of the living cells, especially the endodermis cells. Dissolved mineral substances from soil are concentrated in root cells to a level above the soil's --> water diffuses into cell

Front 53

these 3 have no vascular tissue
earliest nonseed plants

Back 53

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Front 54

nonseed plants have motile or sessile sperm

Back 54

motile, thus need water

Front 55

spore

Back 55

Any asexual reproductive cell capable of developing into an adult organism with gametic
fusion. In plants, haploid spores develop into gametophytes, diploid spore into sporophytes.

Front 56

Sporophyte

Back 56

in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores (2n)

Front 57

gametangia

Back 57

Any plant of fungal structure within which a gamete is formed

Front 58

archegonium

Back 58

the multicellular structure that produces eggs in nonvascular plants, ferns, and gymnosperms

Front 59

antheridium

Back 59

the multicellular structure that produces the sperm in nonvascular plants and ferns

Front 60

gametophyte

Back 60

in plants and photosynthetic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes (1n)

Front 61

isogamy

Back 61

the condition where male and female gametes are morphologically identical

Front 62

heterogamy

Back 62

where the two gametes are dissimilar in appearance

Front 63

homosporous

Back 63

producing a single type of spore that gives rise to a single type of gametophyte, bearing both female and male reproductive organs

[early plants]
sporangium --> spore mother cell (2n) --> spore (n) --> gametophyte which creates both sperm (in antheridium) and egg (in archegonium)

Front 64

heterosporous, heterospory

Back 64

Producing two types of spores, one of which gives rise to a female megaspore, and the other to a male microspore

eg
Megasporangium (2n) --> (meiosis) --> megaspore (n) --> megagametophyte (egg)

Front 65

gamete

Back 65

the mature sexual reproductive cell: the egg or sperm

Front 66

Zygote

Back 66

The cell created by the union of two gametes, in which the gamete nuclei are also fused. The earliest stage of the diploid generation

Front 67

Matrotrophic

Back 67

is attached and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte

Front 68

polyembryony

Back 68

several embryos develop within one seed

Front 69

endosperm

Back 69

the part of the seed that provides food for the developing embryo
in angiosperm with double fertilization is 3n

Front 70

calyptra [moss]

Back 70

[moss]
a hairy cap on the sporophyte, is haploid and was part of the archegonium

Front 71

peristome

Back 71

[moss]
a ring of teeth-like projections at the mouth of the capsule
spores are produced and ultimately released from the sporophyte capsule with the aid of the peristome

Front 72

cutinized epidermis

Back 72

waxy covering protecting epidermis

Front 73

tracheids

Back 73

[vascular system, new in ferns]
conduct water and nutrients from the soil an manufactured food from the leaves to all parts of the plants

Front 74

pinna, pinnule

Back 74

[fern sporophyte]
frond, leaflet
have sori on underside

Front 75

rhizome

Back 75

[fern]
horizontal stem that bears roots

Front 76

Sporangium, sporangia

Back 76

A single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced

Front 77

sorus, sori

Back 77

[ferns]
a cluster of sporangia

Front 78

indusium

Back 78

[ferns]
an umbrella-like outgrowth of the epidermis that covers the sorus
this shrivels to allow the discharge of spores from the sporangia

Front 79

annulus

Back 79

[ferns]
vertical, the ring or band of cells passing up over the top of the sporangium from the region of the stalk

Front 80

prothallus

Back 80

[ferns]
A small, flat, delicate structure produced by a germinating spore and bearing sex organs. It is the (heartshaped) gametophyte of ferns etc
is small but INDEPENDENT!

Front 81

the 4 phyla of gymnosperms

Back 81

1) Cycadophya - palm like trees of tropics and subtropics
2) Ginkgophyta - ginkgo biloba
3) Coniferophyta - cone bearing trees
4) Gnetophyta - peculiar

Front 82

gymnosperm
sperm =
embryo =
spores produced in =

Back 82

sperm is pollen, blown by wind
embryo is enclosed in a seed, but otherwise unprotected
spores are produced in cones

Front 83

epidermis (root)

Back 83

[root[
a single surface layer of cells that protects the root and absorbs water and minerals. Root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells.

Front 84

cortex

Back 84

[root]
thin-walled storage cells, many with starch grains inside

Front 85

exodermis

Back 85

tightly packed outermost layer of cortex, contain suberin

Front 86

hypodermis

Back 86

[root]
relatively unmodified cells, tightly packed outermost layer of cortex

Front 87

endodermis

Back 87

[root]
innermost layer of cortex
single layer
- thick walled contain suberin (which makes them impervious to water)
- thin walled cells (passage cells) allow water to pass

Front 88

pericycle

Back 88

[root]
one or more layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells that function in food storage. Lateral roots originate from this tissue layer.

Front 89

phloem

Back 89

[root]
groups of thin-walled cells between the “arms” of the xylem

Front 90

Xylem

Back 90

[root]
mainly thick-walled, angular vessel elements
in eudicots - arranged in the form of a cross or a three armed star radiating from the center of the stele
in monocots, arranged in circular manner

Front 91

internodes

Back 91

[shoot, stem]
regions between successive nodes

Front 92

nodes

Back 92

[shoot, stem]
places on the stem where leaves are found

Front 93

leaves are composed of..

Back 93

[shoot, leaves]
composed of flattened expanded blades on stalks or petioles that attached to the stem

Front 94

cotyledons

Back 94

[shoot, leaves]
lowermost pair of leaves, seed leaves

Front 95

venation

Back 95

[shoot, leaves]
arrangement of veins
eudicots - netlike
monocots - parallel

Front 96

arrangement of primary vascular bundles in root of monocot, eudicot

Back 96

monocot - arranged in a ring surrounding the pith
eudicot - radiates from center, star shaped xylem

Front 97

arrangement of primary vascular bundles in stem of monocot, eudicot

Back 97

monocot - scattered
dicot - in a ring (xylem in, phloem out)

Front 98

# of cotyledones in monocot, dicot

Back 98

m - 1
d - 2

Front 99

flower parts of monocots, dicots
Multiples of ..

Back 99

m - 3
d - 4 or 5

Front 100

pith

Back 100

[root, MONOCOT ONLY]
the central core in the stele
composed of parenchyma cells that store food

Front 101

inflorescence

Back 101

[shoot system]
a structure composed of several flowers

Front 102

silique

Back 102

type of fruit in flowers

Front 103

epidermis (stem)

Back 103

[shoot system, stem]
a single layer of epidermal cells, regular rectangular cells containing cytoplasm, nucleus etc. but no chloroplasts. There is an outer cutinized layer called the cuticle that is more or less impermeable to water.

Front 104

Phloem

Back 104

[shoot system, stem]
conducting tissue involved in transport of organic substances (food materials) manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant. It is considered a composite tissue because it is made up of different cell types.
- sieve tube members and companion cells

Front 105

sieve tube members

Back 105

[shoot system, stem]
large cells that appear empty but that are actually traversed by continuous strands of cytoplasm that penetrate the pores of the sieve plates, the end walls. The sieve tube member has no nucleus.

Front 106

companion cells

Back 106

[shoot system, stem]
part of phloem
smaller, squarish cells full of protoplasm. There is usually one or more for each sieve tube member. Companion cells are intimately associated with sieve tube members and the nucleus of the companion cell may control both cells. If one sieve tube member dies, so does the companion cell.

Front 107

cambium

Back 107

[shoot system, stem]
part of vascular bundles
a layer of thin cells lying between the phloem and the xylem. These are meristematic cells that will become part of the vascular cambium, the tissue that will produce secondary growth (if it occurs).

Front 108

xylem (shoot)

Back 108

[shoot system, stem]
part of vascular bundles
a conducting tissue involved in the transport of water and mineral salts up the stem from the roots to the leaves. This composite tissue consists of
- vessel elements
- tracheids
- parenchyma
- xylem lacuna

Front 109

Vessel elements (shoot)

Back 109

[shoot system, stem]
part of XYLEM, part of vascular bundles
two or more very large empty non-living cells. They are a series of vessel cells connected at their ends by perforations somewhat like a stovepipe made of individual pieces of pipe. The main conducting cells, they may have various patterns of thickenings.

Front 110

Tracheids (shoot)

Back 110

[shoot system, stem]
part of XYLEM, part of vascular bundles
between the two largest vessel elements. There may be a smaller vessel here also. They are also conducting cells and non-living but are narrower than vessels. End walls have no perforations. Water passage is facilitated by the presence of pits, thin places in the cell wall where no secondary wall is formed.

Front 111

parenchyma

Back 111

part of XYLEM, part of vascular bundles
living thin walled storage cells with irregular shapes

Front 112

xylem lacuna

Back 112

[shoot system, stem]

part of XYLEM, part of vascular bundles

Front 113

pith (stem)

Back 113

[shoot system, stem]
a mass of parenchyma cells, found on inner side of vascular bundles

Front 114

sclerenchyma cells

Back 114

[shoot system, stem]
make up long slender fibers, thick walled phloem fibers

Front 115

cuticle (leaf)

Back 115

[shoot system, leaf]
a waxy layer on the upper epidermis, minimizes water loss

Front 116

upper epidermis (leaf)

Back 116

[shoot system, leaf]
outermost cell layer, has stomata

Front 117

stoma, stomata (pl)

Back 117

[shoot system, leaf]
openings for gas exchange

Front 118

Mesophyll

Back 118

[shoot system, leaf]
two layers of photosynthetic parenchyma
chief food manufactuaring tissue of plant
made of
a) palisade parenchyma
b) spongy parenchyma - has well developed intercellular spaces for CO2 to reach photosynthesizing cells

Front 119

veins

Back 119

[shoot system, leaf]
bundles of vascular tissue distributed throughout the mesophyll. Compactly arranged cells form a bundle sheath around the xylem and phloem and prevent their exposure to air in the intercellular spaces.

Front 120

mesophyte

Back 120

require habitat that is neither too wet nor dry

Front 121

xerophyte, modifications

Back 121

adapted to limited supplies of water
modifications:
• small, thick, leathery leaves
• dense layers of hairs on one or both surfaces
• thick cuticles
• small, closely compacted cells, with thickened cell walls
• a capacity for folding or curling
• sunken stomata

Front 122

hydrophytes, modifications

Back 122

require a large supply or water or partial/full immersion
modifications:
stomata on the upper surface only (floating leaves)
• a lack of stomata (submersed leaves)
• reduced vascular tissue, especially xylem
• large intercellular spaces for buoyancy

Front 123

primary growth, grow from

Back 123

Primary structures are derived directly from the apical meristems, the actively dividing cells at the tip of all stems and the tips of all roots.

Front 124

secondary growth,

Back 124

The secondary structures develop from lateral meristems, namely, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium, actively dividing cells in rings or cylinders in the stem and roots of certain plants.

Front 125

meristematic

Back 125

cells retain the power of division
the vascular cambium is this, and thus gives rise to secondary structures

Front 126

cork cambium

Back 126

forms each year
originates from parenchyma cells in the cortex just beneath the epidermis

Front 127

complete flowers have

Back 127

all four organs
sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

Front 128

sepal, sepals form..

Back 128

[flower structure]
one of the separate, usually green parts forming the calyx of a flower
protect flower when in bud

Front 129

petal, petals form..

Back 129

[flower structure]
colored petals form corolla

Front 130

Carpel contains

Back 130

[flower structure]
analogous to megasporophylls of gymnosperms
-stigma where pollen lands
-style - an interconnecting channel
basal ovary - containing one or more ovules

Front 131

self pollination

Back 131

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma of a pistil on the same plant

Front 132

cross pollination

Back 132

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma of a pistil on different flowers

Front 133

Epicotyl (plumule)

Back 133

[flower embryo structure]
the first terminal bud of the embryo
the portion of the axis of the embryo that extends above the cotyledons
gives rise to the first vegetative shoot of the plant

Front 134

cotyledons [embryo development]

Back 134

one in monocots, two in dicots
leaflike structures involved with food storage and food digestion

Front 135

hypocotyl

Back 135

[embryo development]
the portion that extends from the point of attachment of the cotyledons to the radicle

Front 136

radicle

Back 136

[embryo development]
embryonic root (at the basal end of the hypocotyl)
the first part of the embryo to emerge as the seedling germinates, develops onto the primary root

Front 137

integuments

Back 137

develop into the seed coat

Front 138

carnucle

Back 138

[castor bean]
conspicuous bulbous growth at one end of the seed

Front 139

hilum

Back 139

[bean]
the scar formed by the rupture of the ovule's stalk (funiculus) in the shredding of the skin

Front 140

pericarp

Back 140

[fruits]
part of the fruit formed from the wall of the developing ovary
has three layers
- inner endocarp
- middle mesocarp
- outer exocarp

Front 141

Berry

Back 141

[fruits, simple fleshy fruits]
ovary wall alone forms the fruit body, all three layers of the ovary wall are soft

eg grape, date, tomato, pepper, and blueberry

Front 142

drupe

Back 142

[fruits, simple fleshy fruits]
the inner endocarp is hard and stony (the pit)

Example: peach, cherry, olive, plum, apricot, pecan, walnut, almond, cashew, coconut

Front 143

pepo

Back 143

[fruits, simple fleshy fruits]
the outer exocarp is a tough, hard rind, the inner endocarp and mesocarp appear as one layer.
eg watermelon, pumpkin, cucumber

Front 144

Hesperidium

Back 144

[fruits, simple fleshy fruits]
the outer exocarp is leathery and there are parchment-like compartments.

eg orange, grapfruit

Front 145

pome

Back 145

[fruits, simple fleshy fruits]
ovary and some flower parts are included in the fruit. The innermost layer of the ovary is papery or leathery

eg pear, apple,

Front 146

legume or pod

Back 146

[fruits, simple dry fruit]
dehiscent, from a single carpel

eg pea, bean, peanut

Front 147

simple dry fruits

Back 147

fruits that develop from one or from several united carpels, the pericarp and accessory structures become more or less dry when mature

Front 148

caryopis

Back 148

[fruits, simple dry fruit]
grain
indehiscent, from a single carpel
contains only one seed. During maturation, the seed coat fuses to the fruit wall

eg grass, wheat, cort, oat

Front 149

nut

Back 149

[fruits, simple dry fruit]
indehiscent, from several carpels
a hard-shelled fruit with a single seed.

eg hazelnut

Front 150

compound fruits

Back 150

fruits that develop from a number of separate carpels

Front 151

aggregate fruits

Back 151

[fruits, compound fruits]
from seperate carpels from one flower. carpels are not fused but grow together as fruit matures. The individual parts of the fruit are called fruitlets

eg rasperries, blackberries

Front 152

aggregate accessory fruits

Back 152

[fruits, compound fruits]
like aggregate fruits, but with extra tissue
from seperate carpels from one flower. carpels are not fused but grow together as fruit matures

eg, rose, strawberry

Front 153

multiple fruits

Back 153

[fruits, compound fruits]
from separate carpels from more than one flower. All fruits of the inflorescence grow together as fruit matures

eg pineapple, mulberry