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87 Cards in this Set
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9+2 organization |
Describes the organization of 9 double pair bundles or dimer that form the microtubule, each microtubule has a dimer consisting of one α-tubulin (1 plus end) and one β-tubulin (2 minus,) subunit bound noncovalently together |
- Describes the organization of .... |
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Alternation of generations |
When an organisms alternates between haploid and diploidgenerations. Organisms are examples of alternation of generations. - eithergeneration may dominate the life cycle, and mitotic divisions occur in bothphases. - Inorganisms fertilization produces the diploid generation, in which theindividuals are called sporophytes - sporophytesgrow to maturity and some of their cells undergo meiosis and producehaploid cells called spores - sporesare not gametes, they grow by mitotic divisions into a generation of haploidindividuals called gametophytes - Thenuclei of some cells in gametophytes develop into egg or sperm nuclei and theyfuse to produce the sporophyte again - Themulticellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which isformed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuationbetween these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is calledthe alternation of generations. |
organisms alternates between.... - either generation may.... - In organisms fertilization produces - sporophytes - spores are not...... - The nuclei of some cells in gametophytes develop into - The multicellular haploid plant structure is called |
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Amoeboid |
A form of movement that does not use dynine or cytosine. The amoeboid uses the contractile movement of myosin and actin. It undergoes a crawl like movement through temporary cytoplasmic projections of it pseudopods (false feet) towards the front of the cell.
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- A form of ....that... - describe movement.... -what are pseudopod... |
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Asexual reproduction |
The offspring arises from a single parent. Meiosis is not involved and makes exact clone. Ex. binary fission in bacteria. It results in fast population.
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- The...arrrising from a...(meiosos is....) - we think of them as...(ex: binary fission in....) |
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Autotroph |
An organism that produces its own food using CO2 and other simple inorganic compounds from its environment and energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances.
The two main ways they do this is by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. |
- Organism that....(think about food) - inorganic compound.. what are 2 main ways they do what you just defined? |
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Bacteria (Eubacteria) |
One of the Domain of prokaryotes that thought have evolved as early as 4 billion years ago. * Single-celled prokaryote, outnumber any other organisms * Circular chromosome not protected with histones * Simple RNA polymerase makes proteins, and the primary amino acid used is formylmethionine * Extremely great metabolic diversity, uses various combinations of electron donors and electron * Produce through asexual reproduction ( ex. binary fission) comes in different shapes like rod, spheres. No nucleus and membrane bound organelles. |
One of the Domain of.... -..blnk...outnumber ...blnk... -..blnk.. not protected by ..blnk -Simple ...blnk..makes..&? -Extremely great..? -Produce through..? |
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Baceriophapge |
Viruses that prey on bacteria by taking over their transcription-translation-replication system for replicating the viruses themselves, eventually cell lyses When virus fails to destroy host DNA, transduction occurs and the virus becomes a carrier for bacterial transformation |
- Viruses that.....by...what happens to the cell? -When virus fails to .....what occurs...leading to what? |
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Basal body |
The centrosomes that form the base of the flagella, where the microtubules are anchored and are formed from. Molecular motors “walk “on the microtubules and cause the flagella to move up and down and provide movement to the organism. |
-The..that...the base of the..where..are.. - Molecular motors..on the..and cause...to...and provide |
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Bikont |
When an organism that has two flagella. One is for food source and the other for mobility. These organism are thought to have become one of the first plant –like unicellular organism as when they swam up into the Photozoic zone and engulfed bacteria that could undergo photosynthesis |
- When .... that has ... one for..and other for... -though to become... - they swam up to the..and underwent... |
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Photozoic zone |
zone where light hits and is rich with carbon and nutrient. When cells floated to the photozoic zone it engulfed bacteria that could undergo photosynthesis. |
- zone where...and is...with -when cells floated to the photozoic zone it... |
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Cellular division of labour |
- Features of eukaryotes. -In order for cells to function and survive, their organelles work together to carry out specific tasks and perform specific roles. -Each organelle has its own role that contributes to the survival of the cell. |
- cell function/survival depends on the......to ......? |
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Cellular gliding |
- The extension of the centrosomes that push against the plasma membrane and causes the cytoplasm to move in the same direction thus moving the cell. - the microtubules extensions arranged themselves in highly fixed array that that become cillia or flagellum |
- The ....of the.....that push against the .... and cause the ....to ...in... thus moving the cell -What do they become? |
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Centriole |
- Barrel-shaped structures contain a bundle of microtubules similar to the 9+2 complex, but with no central pair of microtubules. -The outer circle is formed from a ring of nine triple rather than double microtubules -During the formation of a flagellum or cilium, a centriole moves to a position just under the plasma membrane. Then two of the three microtubules of each triplet grow outward from one end of the centriole to form the ring of nine double microtubules. The two central microtubules of the complex also grow from the end of the centriole, but without direct connection to any centriole microtubules |
- shaped structures containing a bundle of...similar to ....(w/t no.....) - The outer circle is..... -Centriole moves to what position when what are forming? |
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Centrosomes |
It consists of two centrioles oriented at right angles to each other and give rise to 9+2 organisation of the flagella and persists as the basal body at the inner end of the flagellum. - Also used during meiosis and mitosis to split apart the chromosomes. |
- consists of...at...angle...give rise to... - Also used during...and....? |
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Chloroplast |
Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant. . -Chloroplast is thought to have originated from a photosynthetic prokaryote that became an endosymbiont within an aerobic cell that had mitochondria. |
- ...found in ...and...they conduct ...by absorbing....to produce ... the plant. . -Chloroplast is thought to have originated from a ...that became an ...within an... that had .... |
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Choanoflagellate |
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes (chanocytes) considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. -included in the Unikonts - named for the collar surrounding the flagellum that the protist uses to feed and, in some species, to swim -collar resembles, fingerlike projections (microvilli) of the plasma membrane. -molecular and morphological data indicate that a choanoflagellate type of protist gave rise to animals |
-...living |
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Cilia |
elongated, slender, motile structures that extend from the cell surface. Similar structure as the flagella but is shorter and occurs in more numbers. cilia drive protists them through their watery habitat, rotating the cell on its long axis while it moves forward or back and turns. |
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Cirrus (pl. cirri) |
a flexible, threadlike tentacle or appendage, as the feelers of certain organisms. It is fromed from fused cilia that are |
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Contractile vacuole |
A specialized cytoplasmic organelle that pumps fluid in a cyclical manner from within the cell to the outside by alternately filling and then contracting to release its contents at various points on the surface of the cell. When this vacuole reaches its maximum size, it moves to the plasma membrane and forcibly contracts, expelling the fluid to the outside through a pore in the membrane. |
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Crossing over |
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes The process of the homologous chromosomes moving side by side and exchanging segments o their chromosomes Occurs during meiosis (Prophase I); chromosomes lie up in a way that the genes that get exchange are side by side and the cut from each chromosome is precise. |
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Cytoskeleton |
Composed of protein and fibers that maintain the internal structure of the cell and it characteristic shape. It reinforces the plasma membrane and aid in movement with structures within the cell and the cell as a whole. Highly developed in animal cells, in which it fills and supports the cytoplasm from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope. -Made from of three major structural elements of three major types: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments less prominent in plant cell as they are supported by cell wall and vacuole |
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Diploid |
When an individual has two sets of chromosomes (homologous) Advantage for eukaryotes because they have two sets of chromosome therefore if one doesn’t function as well the other can compensate. |
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Diplontic |
Having a life cycle in which the main form, except for the gametes, is diploid. Animals are diplontic and as their diploid state undergoes mitotic division. |
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Dyenin molecular motor |
A motor protein in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. Dynein transports various cellular cargo by "walking" along cytoskeletal microtubules towards the minus-end of the microtubule. They are called "minus-end directed motors." This form of transport is known as retrograde transport. |
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Ectoplasm |
The outer portion of the continuous phase of cytoplasm of a cell, sometimes distinguishable as a somewhat rigid, gelledlayer beneath the cell membrane. |
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Endomembrane system |
Interrelated membranous sacs that divide cell into functional and structural compartments. Function includes synthesis and modification of the protein, also the transportation of the protein into membranes and organelles or outside the cel. Also involved in lipid synthesis and the detoxification of toxins. The membranes can be connected physically or through vesicles. It is believed to have derived from the infolding of the plasma membrane -inclues 1-the nuclear envelope ( outer membrane has similar function as ER as protein is formed there too) 2-ER (endoplasmic reticulum)- rough ER ( from ribosomes where proteins are formed ) and smooth ER (no ribosomes, forms lipids) 3-Golgi complex (sac like cisternae that is between ER and the plasma membrane, that packages and stores protein for delivery) 4-lysosomes (small membrane-bound vesicle that break downs complex molecules (protein lipids, etc.) through hydrolytic enzymes. Found in animals and not plants) 5-vesicles 6- plasma membrane |
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Endoplasm |
Refers to the inner (often granulated), dense part of a cell's cytoplasm. |
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Endosymbiosis |
-The process of endosymbiosis is the states that the prokaryotic cell of prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria and chloroplasts were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells, which formed a mutallay advantageous relationship called a symbiosis.over time, the host cell and the endosymbionts became inseparable parts of the same organism. All mitochondria are thought to have arisen from a single endosymbiotic event. |
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What are Evidence to support Endosymbiosis |
1.Morphology: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar shape to that of bacteria and archaea. 2. Reproduction: They are derived only from pre-existing mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria divide by binary fission, which is how bacteria and archaea divide 3. Genetic information: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA. DNA Contains protein-coding genes that are essential for organelle function and are in a circular form 4. Transciption and translation; both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain a complete transcription and translational machinery. ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to the type found in bacteria 5.Electron transport: Similar to free-living prokaryotic cells, both mitochondria and chloroplasts have electron transport chains (ETCs) used to generate chemical energy. 6.Sequence analysis: Sequencing of the RNA that makes up the ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria firmly establishes that they belong on the bacterial branch of the tree of life |
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Eukarya |
Eukaryotes are in this domain and it includes organism that have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles contain in a nucleus. They are also identified by their diploid chromosomes, mitochondria and centrosomes. First eukaryotes was believed to t appear 1.5–2 billion years ago (ba) ago. Four Kingdom in Domain Potista Kingdom Protista (least complex), Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia |
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Flagellum |
- elongated, slender, motile structures that extend from the cell surface; the base of the fellgellum is the basel body - Found n protozoa and in algae and in many animals cells (ex. Sperm’s tail) Whiplike or oarlike movements of a flagellum propel a cell through a watery medium, and cilia move fluids over the cell surface. - Microtubules extends from the base to the tip of a flagellum or cilium. The bundle is composed of circle of nine double microtubules surrounding a central paair of microtubules forming a 9+2 structure. - Dynein motor proteins slide the microtubules of the complex over each other to produce the movements of a flagellum or cilium - When the fellglum is not bent all microtubules extend at the same distance ; dynein arms of on one doublet attach too the one in front and tilits it down ; repeated stroke cause flagella to bend; sliding on one side causes sliding on the other side thus making the flagella move. |
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Formylmethione |
A derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group. It is specifically used for initiation of protein synthesis from bacterial and organellar genes, and may be removed post-translationally. In fMet the N is in an amid bond like in a peptide. Just with the difference that no amino acid is used but formic acid. |
- Derivitive of..which ...has been added to the...group -used for? |
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Gametocyte |
-A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. This cell is the cause of malaria. - Malegametocytes are called spermatocytes, and female gametocytes are called oocytes |
- A....divides by... |
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Gametophyte |
The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte. It produces the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes. This phase is characterized by alternation of generations that are present in plants. The nuclei of some cells in gametophytes develop into egg or sperm nuclei and they fuse to produce the sporophyte again |
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Haploid |
A cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Most of fungi visible cells are haploid state |
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Haplontic |
An organism which has the haploid generation as its the dominant life cycle. Fungi are examples of the haploidic organisms. In fungi, immediately after fertilization, the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce the four haploid cells. These haploid cells develop and increase in number by mitotic divisions to produce haploid spores which germinate to produce individuals. |
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Heterotroph |
Organisms that obtain their arbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms |
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Histone proteins |
Simple proteins that combine with DNA to form a nucleoprotein · Contain a large proportion of the basic (positively charged) amino acids lysine, arginine, and histidine. · involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division · chemical modification of histones is a key aspect of suppressing or activating gene activity · Eubacteria bacteria have no histones while those from domain Archea do. |
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Host |
A host is an organism that harbors a parasite succch as Protista, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. In botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects or other fauna |
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Kynesin molecular motor |
N/A |
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Macronucleus |
develops from a micronucleus but loses all genes except those required for basic functions (e.g., feeding, metabolism) of the cell and for synthesis of ribosomal RNA. |
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Malaria |
A widespread and debilitating human diseases caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions . |
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Meiosis |
The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny, consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division. This causes genetic variability. There are two parts in meiosis. Meiosis I: homologous chromosomes find their partners and undergo a process called synapsis where recombination occurs and segments are exchanged. The homologous chromosomes are then separated. Meiosis II: sister chromatids are separated into different cells, further reducing the amount of DNA. The result of meiosis is four haploid cells |
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Merozoite |
The form of the malaria parasite that invades red blood cells |
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Metachronal wave |
n |
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Methionine |
n |
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Micronucleus |
A diploid nucleus that contains a complete complement of genes. It functions primarily in cellular reproduction, which may be asexual or sexual. |
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Microtubules |
Supportive structures of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules’ cell wall is composed of 13 protein filaments arranged side by side. A filament is linear polymer of tubulin dimers, each dimer consisting of one α-tubulin (1 plus) end) and one β-tubulin (2 minus,) subunit bound noncovalently together Dimers are organized head to tail giving microtubule a polarity, Dynamic structures that can change their length by adding or removing dimers motor” proteins that push or pull against microtubules or microfilaments, motor” proteins that push or pull against microtubules or microfilaments, |
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Mitochondria |
Composed of membrane-bound organelles in which cellular respiration occurs to roduce ATP. Needs oxygen for cellular respiration. The Mitochondria is enclosed by two membranes the outer mitochondrial membrane which is smooth and covers the outside of the organelle. 2.Inner Mitochondrial: memberane expanded by folds called cristae Both surround the compartment of the mitochondrion, called the mitochondrial matrix Mitochondrial matrix contain its own DNA and ribosomes that resembles structures of bacteria Theorized that mitrochordia mitochondria originated from ancient bacteria and came into the cytoplasm during eukaryotic evolution. |
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Mitosis |
Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
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Molecular motors |
biological molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. Composed of motor proteins. Proteins that walk along the microtubules are kinesins and dynein. While the motor protein that walks along the microfliament is myosin One end of a motor protein is firmly fixed to a cell structure such as a vesicle or to a microtubule As motor walks it transports things faster than diffusion can, first compoent in the eukaryote cell that allowed it to get bigger without diffusion. The other end has a reactive group that “walk” along another microtubule or microfilament by making an attachment and releasing Movement driven by phosphate group transfer from ATP Mosyin moves toward ( -) end of microtubule, and mist kenisin moves towards the other direction. Mosyin moves toward ( -) end of microtubule -energy supplied by ATP , |
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Myosin molecular motor |
The motor protein that walks along the microfliament is myosin |
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Nuclear envelope |
Part of the Endomembbrane system, ( outer membrane has similar function as ER as protein is formed there too) - different chemical process could happen in the nucleus due to the invagination of the plasma membrane. -In the |
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Operon genes |
n |
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Pandemic |
n
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Parasite |
n
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Peptidoglycan |
n |
n
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Pericentriolar material |
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Phagocytosis |
n |
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Phytoplankton |
Microscopic, free-flowing aquatic plants and protists. A group of small photosynthetic protist make up the phytolakton. These organisms that capture the energy of sunlight in nearly all aquatic habitats and provide organic substances and oxygen for heterotrophic bacteria, other protists, and the small crustaceans and animal larvae. |
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Pinocytosis |
n |
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Planar flagellar beat |
n |
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Plankton |
n |
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Plasmodium |
Parasites that are responsible for malaria. They are distributed by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles and are nonmotile parasites of animals. They develop inside the female mosquito, which transfers their cells to human or bird hosts. They then divide repeatedly by asexual reproduction in their hosts, initially in liver cells and then in red blood cells. Their growth causes red blood cells to rupture in regular cycles every 48 or 72 hours, depending on the Plasmodium species. The ruptured red blood cells clog vessels and release the parasite’s metabolic wastes, causing cycles of chills and fever |
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Plastid |
n |
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Polygenomic classification |
n |
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Primary consumers |
n |
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Primary endosymbiosis |
In the model for the origin of plastids in eukaryotes, the first event in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium |
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Primary producers |
n |
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Proterozoic |
n |
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Protista |
Taxonomic Kingdom comprised of eukaryotic organisms that are not an animal, a land plant, or a fungus. In the Domain Eukarya. It has membrane bound nucleus, with multiple, linear chromosomes, protists have microtubules and microfilaments, which provide motility and cytoskeletal support. Protista look similar to fungi but have distinctive character in that its cell wall are made out of cellulose not chitin. Photoautotrophic protists can also live as heterotrophs, and some regularly combine both modes of nutrition. Unlike animals not all protists are multicellular. Protists live in aquatic environment or moist terrestrial environment such as oceans, freshwater lakes, and moist soils and within host organisms. |
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Pseudopod (Pseudopodium) |
During ameoboid movement there occurs a temporary cytoplasmic extension of a cell. The rest of the cytoplasm and the nucleus then flow into the pseudopodium, completing the movement. |
- During ...there occurs a ..of a cell. The rest of the ... completing the .... |
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Reverse transcriptase |
- an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription. |
-an ... that catalyzes ....in .... |
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RNA polymerase (simple and complex) |
-an enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription |
-an..that synthesizes.....from. |
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Saprophytic |
Saprophytes are generally plants, fungi, or micro-organisms more accurately called myco-heterotrophs because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matter directly. They live on dead or decomposing matter. |
-Saprophytes are ......more accurately called ..... because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matter directly. They live on .... |
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Secondary endosymbiosis |
In the model for the origin of plastids in eukaryotes, the second event, in which a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryote |
-In the model for the .., the ..event, in which a ... |
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Sexual reproduction |
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. |
- a form of ....where two...together into a -Each ...contains ..the number of chromosomes of normal cells |
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Spiral flagellar beat |
Hey I couldn't find anything for this definition |
Hey I couldn't find anything for this definition (sorry!)
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Spore |
A minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans. |
-A minute, .... capable of....without ...characteristic of.... |
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Sporophyte |
The asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g., the frond of a fern. Spores are not gametes, they grow by mitotic divisions into a generation of haploid individuals called gametophytes |
- The ....and usually...producing ...from which the .... It is the dominant form in vascular plants, - e.g.,...... |
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Sporozoite |
A motile sporelike stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g., the malaria organism) that is typically the infective agent introduced into a host. |
-A ......stage in the .....of some ..... (e.g.,...) that is typically the ....into a host. |
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Supergroup |
-A proposed way to organize eukaryotes into monophyletic groups
- Classification category for a clade that's "above" the level of kingdom but below the level of domain. Five supergroups of Eukarya, in one scheme, might be: -Unikonta (Animals, fungi, amoebozoa) -Excavata (Euglenids and a few others) -Chromalveolata -Rhizaria -Planta (Green algae, red algae, plants, and a few others) |
- A proposed way to... |
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Trophozoite |
a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host. |
- A...in the...of .....when they are....from... |
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Tubulin (Tubulin dimers) |
Proteins that form the mictrotubules α- and β-tubulins polymerize into microtubules, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. |
-....that form....into - Major component of....? |
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Unikont |
The Unikonts include most of the amoebas other than those in Rhizaria |
- ....include most of the ....other than ... |
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Zooplankton |
- Small (usually microscopic) animals. - float in aquatic habitats - Protists are not animals however, biologists often include them among the zooplankton. |
- s....an.. - habitat? - Protists are...? |
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Zygote |
A fertilized egg made by the fusion of an egg and sperm. Zygote is a diploid cell ( two sets of chromosome) |
-Zygote is a ....cell (how many sets of ...)
- A.......made by ....of an....and |
