Biology - Intro To Animals - Ch28

Front 1

FEATURES THAT ANIMALS ALL ANIMALS HAVE

Back 1

1) heterotrophy 2) mobility
3) multicellularity 4)diploidy
5) sexual reproduction 6) no cell wall
7) blastula formation 8) cells organized into tissue

Front 2

RADIAL SYMMETRY VS. BILATERAL SYMMETRY

Back 2

Radial - animals have body parts arranged around a central axis

bilateral - a body design in which there are distinct right and left halves

Front 3

IMPORTANCE OF A BODY CAVITY

Back 3

it provides space between the body wall and a digestive tract (gut)

Front 4

HOW DO SCIENTISTS DETERMINE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ANIMALS

Back 4

by useing a phylogenetic tree

Front 5

advantage of diploidy

Back 5

- it allows animals to exchange genes between the 2 copies of a set of chromosomes, creating new combination of genes

Front 6

advantage of no cell wall

Back 6

Not having a cell wall has allowed animals mobility that other multicellular organisms do not have

- There are cells moving inside one's body all the time - help do certain functions

Front 7

blastula

Back 7

- a hollow ball of cells
-produced when a zygote's cells divide
- blastula produce the primary tissue in our bodies -->which give rise to all organs and tissue in an adult body

Front 8

Ectoderm

Back 8

ecto = outside

Gives rise to -
- outer layer of skin; nervous system; sense organs,such as eyes

Front 9

Endoderm

Back 9

Endo = inside

gives rise to -
- lining of digestive tract; respiratory system; urinary bladder; digestive organs; many glands

Front 10

Mesoderm

Back 10

Meso= middle

gives rise to -
- Most of the skeloton; muscles; circulatory system; reproductive organs; excretory organs

Front 11

what do tissues do

Back 11

are groupes of cells that work together to preform a specific function

Front 12

Body Plan

Back 12

term used to describe an animal's:
-shape
- symmetry,
-internal organization.

-basic parts: coelom (cavity), fluid space and gut

Front 13

asymmetrical

Back 13

- sponges are asymmetrical
- irregular in shape
- not symetrical
Shape depends on where they are growing

Front 14

Radial Symmetry

Back 14

animals have body parts arranged around a central axis.

- currently radially symmetrical animals are aquatic

Front 15

Bilateral symmetry

Back 15

- all other animals have bilateral symmetry
- a body design in which there are distinct right and left halves
- a plane passes through the animals midline and divides the animal into mirror image halves
- major evolutionary change b/c it enabled diff parts of the body to become specialized in diff things

Front 16

Cephalization

Back 16

an anterior concentration of sensory structures and nerves

(all nerves and brains are in the front of the head allowing the rest of the body to move)

Front 17

3 kinds of internal body plans in Billaterally symmetrical animals

Back 17

1)Acoelomates,

2)Pseudocolomates,

3)Coelomates.

*** May have basic parts: coelom (cavity), space filled with fluid, and gut***

Front 18

Coelom

Back 18

a body cavity

- a "true coelom" is when the cavity is located entirely within the mesoderm (in coelomates)

Front 19

Acoelomates

Back 19

animals with no body cavity
- the space between the body wall and gut is completely filled with tissues

Front 20

Pseudocoelomates

Back 20

have a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm.

body cavity called = Pseudocoelom (false coelom)

Front 21

Coelomates

Back 21

- have a true coelom - provides internal space where mesoderm and endoderm can be in contact with each other during embryonic development
- body cavity located entirely within the mesoderm
- ensures internal organs are suspended and protected by fuid filled coelom

Front 22

how many phyla are in the kingdom Animalia

Back 22

35 phyla in kingdom animalia

Front 23

Phylogenetic tree

Back 23

this is a diagram to show how animals are related through evolution

- shows relationships b/n diff animals

Front 24

what functions do the tissues and organs of more complex animals do.

Back 24

Digestion
respiration
circulation
conduction of nerve impulses
support
excertion

Front 25

Gastrovascular cavity

Back 25

gastrovascular cavity
- a digestive cavity with only one opening
- found in simple animals have such as the hydra and flat worms
-doesn't alow for specialization within the gastro cavity b/c every cell is exposed to all stages of digestion

Front 26

What digesttive system do more complex orginisms have

Back 26

- "1 way digestive track"
- a digestive tract which has 2 openings a mouth and an anus
- allows for specialization in specific areas (ex; a section for storage of food and a section for breaking down food)

Front 27

Respiration

Back 27

the uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide
- most large animals have a specilized respitory structures
- simple animals use diffuision

Front 28

Gills

Back 28

- Aquatic animals respire with gills
- which are extremely thin projections of tissue that are rich in blood vessels providing a large surface for gas exchange
- land animals don't have gills since they need to be really moist

Front 29

Circulation

Back 29

is when oxygen and nutrients musy be transported to the body cells.

Front 30

Open circulatory system

Back 30

- heart pumps fluid containg oxy and nutri through series blood vessles into body cavity
- there the fluid whases across body tissues, supplying them with oxy and nutri
- the fluid collects in open spaces in animal and flow back to heart
- OPEN b/c fluid leaves circ vessels

Front 31

closed circulatory system

Back 31

- a heart pumps blood through system of blood vessles
- blood vesssles form network that premits blood flow from heart to bodys cells and back
- blood remeains in vessels and does not direct contact with bodys tissues. instead it diffuses
-CLOSED b/c fluid does not leave the circ vessels

Front 32

Hydrostatic skeloton

Back 32

Consist of water that is contained under pressure in a closed cavity, such as a gastrovascular cavity or a coelom

(ex - am earthworm)

Front 33

Exosekeloton

Back 33

is a rigid external skeleton that encases the body of an animal.

(ex: insects, clams)

Front 34

endoskeleton

Back 34

an endoskeleton is composed of a hard material such as a bone

(ex: humans)

Front 35

excretion

Back 35

is the removal of waste produced by cellular metabolism

Front 36

asexual reproduction

Back 36

- reproduction that does not involve the fusion of two gametes

(ex: sponge grows by fragmenting its body and each fragement grows into a new sponge)

Front 37

Hermaphrodites

Back 37

- species animals which have both testes and ovaries
- can functions both as a male and as a female (higher chance of survival)

- But eggs and sperms are produced at diff times so can't self-fertilize

- ex: slugs, earthworms, some fishes

Front 38

external fertilization

Back 38

- the egg is fertilized outside of the females body.
- it happens with most aquatic animals where eggs are fertilized in water

Front 39

Internal fertilizaton

Back 39

the union of the sperm and egg occur within the females body

- happens in most terrestrial animals

-male places his semen (the fluid that contains the sperm) into the women's body)
- fertilization still takes place in a moist environment (semen) so gametes doen't dry out

Front 40

Compare a gaastrovascular cavity with a one - way digestive system

Back 40

a gastrovascular system goes in and out through the same opening
the one way goes in one opening and out another.

Front 41

differ open from closed circulatory systems

Back 41

open there is pace between the small vessles
and in closed the blood vessles are connected

Front 42

distinguish asexual from sexual reproduction

Back 42

sexual reproduction hapends between a male and a female gametes, the asexual happens between one person.

Front 43

heterotrophy

Back 43

- can NOT make their own foods

Front 44

Diploidy

Back 44

- Each adult animal has 2 copies of each chromosone

- one from mom, one from dad

-Only the gametes are haploid

Front 45

layers of blastula

Back 45

1) ectoderm

2) endoderm

3) mesoderm

*** all make up primary tissue in our bodies***
***leads to the formation of all other tissues/organs in our bodies***

Front 46

What organism has the simplest body plan of all animals?

Back 46

sponges

Front 47

SEGMENTATION

- Advantages

Back 47

- animal parts are assembled from a series of repeating units "segments"

Adv: -allows segments in worms to move independently so worms can move in complex ways

Advanced organisms show segmentation inside the body (not always visible)

Front 48

steps to evolution of animals

Back 48

- body cavities
- segmentation
-jointed appendages
-backbones

Front 49

How do scientists determine evolutionary relationships?

Back 49

by exmining DNA sequences

Front 50

2 diff types of nervous sys

Back 50

1) simple (in hydra) - all nerve cells are linked together in a "nerve net" - but no coordination b/n nerve cells

2) cluster of neurons developed at the front of the body and became larger (head) - seen in flatworm

3) more complex like grasshopper -= have other parts (liek eyes) that link and are controlled by the head (brain)