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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Richard Feynman
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"Scientists need philosophers of science like birds need ornithology"
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Blaise Pascal
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“Vanity of science. Knowledge of physical science will not console me for ignorance of morality in time of affliction, but knowledge of morality will always console my ignorance of physical science”
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Lord Rutherford
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Science is what scientists do
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Marcel Duchamp
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Art is what artists do
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Jared Diamond
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Science is the acquisition of reliable knowledge about the world
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Rodney Stark
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Science = utilized in organised efforts to formulate explanations of nature.
It is always subject to modifications & corrections through systematic observations |
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Voltaire
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“Anyone who has the power to make you believe absurdities has the power to make you commit injustices”
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Science
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A body of knowledge acquired by performing replicated controlled experiments.
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Hippocrates
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No divine causes, only natural causes
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Thales of Miletus
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Reductionism - Believed everything made from water.
Critical evaluation of problems = no myths |
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Reductionism
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Everything made of same material
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Paramenides
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Rationialism
No flux = everything that exists has always existed |
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Rationalism
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Knowledge arises not from experience but exclusively from intellectual reasoning.
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Heraclitus
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Everything is in flux
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Democritus
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Everything consists of atoms & space
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Pythagoras
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"Number is the ruler of forms & ideas"
Extended reductionism |
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Galileo
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"Science is written in the language of mathematics"
Atomism Coperncian principle - conflict with Catholic Church - still guilty Sunspots - imperfect heavens Major role in the Scientific Revolution |
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Socrates
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"The unexamined life is not worth living"
Ultimate pursuit of truth Put to death for corrupting the young intellectually |
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Plato
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Rejected experimental approach
Only the most virtuous people should be in charge |
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Aristotle
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"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it"
"Wisdom is the knowledge of principles & causes" "Every realm of nature is marvelous" Rejected extreme rationalism & experimental approach Teleology Holism Defined the ...ologies |
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Teleology
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Everything exists because it has a function and something has given it to them.
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Holism
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The whole is more than the sum of its parts - against reductionism
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Alhazan
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Pioneer in maths, optics, astronomy & experimental studies
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William Occam
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"Occam's Razor"
Lots of competing theories > start with most basic |
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Bacon
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Induction - theory & test
Progress in science is gradual, progressive & evolutionary Science is a community activity - founded Royal Society |
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William Gilbert
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One experiment links to another & another & so on
Series of experiments on magnetism |
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Darwin
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Induction without experiment - evolution
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Locke
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Empiricist
"There is a great variety of opinions concerning moral rules... which could not be if practical principles were innate & imprinted in our minds" |
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David Hume
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“The life of man is of no greater importance to the universe than that of an oyster”
Empiricist Any book without experimental reasoning = put to the flames Empiricist Problem with sampling Problems with universality of inductive truths > can only assume truth for future |
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Berkeley
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Empiricist
"To be is to be perceived" |
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Empirism
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No innate knowledge
Knowledge comes from experience |
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Ernst Mach
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Logical positivism/empiricist
All knowledge can be reduced to logical and scientific foundations. |
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Logical positivism
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Arguments not based on observable data are meaningless
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Alfred Ayer
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Logical positivism/empiricist
Statements about material objects can be reduced to statements about sense-data. |
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Peter Strawson
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"Philosophy should be concerned with things as we know them, not with some abstruse & abstract world beyond our experience or with some artificial formal theory"
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Kant
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Synthesis of rationalism & empiricism
Need reason and experince |
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Bertrand Russell
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Philosophy should be built on science (less risk of error)
“All have tendency to think that the world must conform to out prejudices. the opposite view involves some effort of thought, and most people would sooner die than think- in fact, they do so.” “Science is innocent unless proved guilty, while philosophy is guilty unless proved innocent.” |
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Sarte
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Existentialist
Valued the subjective as much as the objective |
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Objectivity
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Reality exists outside of the human mind
Observations are true no matter who makes the observations. |
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Existentialism
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Emphasizes the uniqueness & isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe
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Ian Mitroff
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“Scientific objectivity is nothing but a socially constructed charade”
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Descartes
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Rationalist (& dualist)
Doubted knowledge came from the senses Studied eye > problems of perception |
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Kahneman
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Against reductionism
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Chomsky & Pinker
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Against empiricism
Innate knowledge |
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Paul Feyerbend
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Against method of induction
Anarchist |
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Anarchism
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Political philosophy
Supports stateless societies The state is undesirable, unnecessary or harmful |
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John Stuart Mill
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“General laws may be laid down respecting the tides, predictions may be founded on those laws & the results will in the main... correspond to the predictions.”
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Karl Popper
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Rejected induction - cannot prove anything
3 "Worlds There were moral dilemmas" Philosopher of science Developing scientific method based on “trial and error” “Bold ideas, unjustified anticipations & speculative thought are our only means of interpreting nature... Those among us who are unwilling to expose their ideas to the hazard of refutation do not take part in the scientific game.” |
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Popper's 3 "Worlds"
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World 2 (Scientific method) > World 1 (nature/ reality) > World 3 (Scientific knowledge).
World 3 is a reflection of World 1 Science is a representation of reality. |
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Samuel Beckett
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The meaning of success & failure in science
“Ever tried...ever failed...no matter...try again...fail again...fail better.” |
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Hypotheses non fingo
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Latin
‘I feign no hypotheses’ or ‘I contrive no hypotheses’ |
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Kuhn
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Science progresses by pardigm shifts
Revolutionary Experiment physicist |
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Ludwig Fleck
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"Throught collective" - a community mutually exchanging ideas or maintaining intellectual interaction
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Albert Einstein
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Supports Kuhn, anti-Bacon view
"Only daring speculation can lead us further, not the accumulation of facts" |
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Imre Lakatos
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Keep changing auxiliary hypothesis to hold on to the main hypothesis in the face of anomalies
Research programmes can be falsified by being out dated by better projects |
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Hilary Putnam
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Realism - no miracles
“Scientific theories describe real features of the world or else success of science is an astonishing coincidence.” “The positive argument for realism is that it is the only philosophy that doesn’t make the success of science a miracle.” |
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John Dewey
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“Ideas are not true or false but are effective or ineffective” (pragmatism)
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Pragmatism
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Evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
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William James
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Truth is whatever is useful in thought
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Bruno Latour
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Sociologist & Anthropologist
Science is a community (& Kuhn) Scientific method does not accurately define laboratory practice Scientists are trained to subjectively decide what to consider as data |
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Doctine of equal validity
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There are many different, yet equal, ways of understanding the world, with science being just one of them
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Doctine of constructivism
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The world we seek to understand is not independent of us & our social context; all facts are constructed to affect our contingent needs & interests as social beings - Rorty
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Richard Rorty
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Constructivism
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David Bloor
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Sociologist
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Harry Collins
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Sociologist at Cardiff University
Sociological nature of experiments |
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Harry Collins' sociological nature of experiments
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Learner's: known results & weak skills
Normal science: unknown results & mastery of instrumentation & skills Cutting edge: unknown results & new methodologies |
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Alan Sokal & Jean Bricmont
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The "Sokal affair"
Against postmodernism |
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Paul Boghossian
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Against postmodernism
All concepts are objectively reasonable regardless of cultural or social perspective. "The intuitive view is that there is a way things are that is independent of human opinion" "... we are capable of arriving at belief about how things are that is objectively reasonable, binding on anyone capable of appreciating the relevant evidence regardless of their social or cultural perspective" |
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Noretta Koertge
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Against postmodernism
Wrote 'A House Built on Sand - "In this book we provide a place where reason and good sense can be brought to bear on a field that has lost ts mechanisms of scholarly self control" |
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Pierre Bourdieu
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Against postmodernism
Concerned with protecting science from economic, political & religious interests. "Postmodern rantings are threatening confidence in science & threatening the walls that serve to insulate science from outside pressures" |
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C.P. Snow
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Science & Humanities = 2 very different opposed cultures > view not beneficial
Break down in communication between them was a major hindrance in solving the world's problems |
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Richard Koch & Chris Smith
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Wrote "Suicide of the West"
Science was being degraded |
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Marc Quinn
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Sci-Artist
Sculpture of own head in own frozen blood Embryonic development sculptures |
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Ken Arnold
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Sci-Artist
"It is tempting to conclude that contemporary science & are have founds gaps in each other that require filling" |
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Sci-Art
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Set up by Wellcome Trust in 1996
"Art can provide unique & often unpredictable, viewpoints from which to marvel or decry, inspect or challenge scientific ideas & assumptions" |
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Sci-Artists
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Nick Cudworth
Kit Williams Ian Breakwell Karen Ingham Anne-Mie Melis Josh Appignanesi Paddy Hartley Corneli Hesse-Honegger Wayne McGregor Annie Cattrell |
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H.G. Wells
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The "Father of Science Fiction"
Wrote "The Island of Doctor Moreau" |
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Robert Louis Stevenson
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Sci-fi
Wrote "Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde" |
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Mary Shelley
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Sci-fi
Wrote "Frankenstein" |
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Allen Ginsberg
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Poet
Denounced what he saw as destructive forces of capitalism & conformity in the US |
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Alexandre Koyre
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oined "Scientific Revolution"
"The conceptual changes at the heart of the Scientific Revolution were the most profound revolution achieved or suffered by the human mind since Greek antiquity" |
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Scientific Revolution
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The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in maths, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine & chemistry transformed views of society & nature
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Karl Marx
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Used induction
All aspects of nature are attributed to matter |
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Rachel Carson
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Eco-politician
Attempts to explain nature in "Silent Spring" - led to ban on DDT |
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Robin May Schott
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Feminist - too few women in science
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Craig Venter
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Sequenced the human genome
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George Orwell
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Wrote "1984"
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Robert Oppenheimer
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"Father of the Atomic Bomb"
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Fritz Haber
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Haber-Bosch process
Chemical warfare in WW1 - gas masks |
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William Sheldon
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Psychologist
3 somatotypes: endo, ecto & mesomorphs |
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Stanley Kubrick
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American film maker
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Atomism
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Everything made of atoms & void
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Coperncian principle
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Earth is not a centre
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Galileo's Trail
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Sequence of events (beginning around 1610) during which Galileo came into conflict with the Catholic Church over views of Copernican astronomy
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Thomas Henry Huxley & Wilberforce
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"Darwin's Bulldog"
Opposed Darwin's theory of evolution - many debates |
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These of science & relgion conflict
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Conflict thesis
Independence thesis Dialogue thesis Integration thesis Demarcation thesis |
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Jonathan Glover
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British philosopher
"In Europe at the start of the 20th century most people thought there was a moral law, which was self-evidently to be obeyed" |
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Lord Acton
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English Catholic historian
"Opinions alter, manners change, creeds rise & fall, but moral law is written on the tablets of eternity" |
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Wittgenstein
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No moral dilemmas
“Man has to awaken to wonder- and so perhaps do peoples. Science is a way of sending them to sleep again” |
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Sir David King
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7 principles aimed at building trust between scientists & society
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Nietzsche
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If God existed, he is now dead
Morals are a human construction, deriving from societies & religions that no long exist - did not take into account altruism & homeostasis Survival of the fittest |
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Immanuel Kant
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To be evil is illogical & to be wicked is inconsistent
Founded Kantianism "Two things fill the mind with ever new & increasing admiration & awe the oftener & more steadily they are reflected on: the starry heavens above me & the moral law within me" |
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Kantianism
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Moral actions are right/obligatory, irrespective of their consequences
Other actions are wrong, irrespective of their consequences |
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Richard Hare
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Proscriptivism
Moral language possesses innate logic To be evil is illogical & to be wicked is inconsistent |
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Proscriptivism
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Whoever makes a moral judgement is committed to the same judgement in any situation where the same relevant facts obtain.
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Rights
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Innate moral principles, not acquired
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Arthur Koestler
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"I am not sure whether what thephilosophers call 'ethical absolutes' exist, but I am sure we have to act as if they do exist"
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Jeremy Bentham
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Consequentialism (utilitarianism)
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Consequentialism
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The consequences of conduct = ultimate basis for judgement about their rightness of that conduct.
Morally right = a good outcome |
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Utilitarianism
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Aggregated happiness
Everyone to be happy |
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Epicurus
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Showed consequential views in the past
Pursuit of happiness Elimination of pain |
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Ayn Rand
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Consequentialism (egotism)
Objectivism |
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Egotism
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Maximise his/her own interests/welfare
Can be beneficial, detrimental or neutral to the welfare of others |
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Joseph Butler
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Consequentialism (egotism)
Bishop "Conscience & self-love, if we understand our true happiness, always leads us the same way. Duty & interest are perfectly coincident" |
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Iris Murdoch
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Consequentialism (egotism)
"The imagination can be used to penetrate the veil that our own selfish concerns usually place between us & moral illumination" "Great art inspires... it is an image of virtue. Its condensed, clarified, presentation enables us to look without sin upon a sinful world... it is a symbol of morality" |
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Thomas Hobbes
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Consequentialism (contractualism)
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Contractualism
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Humans are innately bad
Form of 'rational egotism Outside agent (government) should have control/impose a framework within which egotism can flourish without moral anarchy |
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Elizabeth Anscombe
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Virtue ethics
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Virtue
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Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
Valued as a foundation of principle & good moral being |
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Virtue ethics
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Role of one's character & the virtues that one's character embodies for determining or evaluating ethical behaviour.
Emphasizes character rather than rules/consequences. ARETE (excellence/virtue) then PHRONESIS (practical/moral wisdom) LEADING TO EUDAIMONIA (flourishing/happiness). Telelogical. |
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Alasdair MacIntyre
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Developed virtue ethics
Ethics can be eroded by skeptics (scientists) Kant made morality a cold & unsympathetic exercise in reason Utiliarians reduced ethics to a set of pseudo-scientific calculations - led to society empty of moral values Still hope to stop problem - humans are unstoppable communitarians Reject 'survival of the fittest' |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Rejectes Hobbes' view
Looked at man's history to find the optimal virtues |
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Jonathan Dancy
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Defined particularism
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Particularism
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Reasons are context-dependent – circumstances alter cases.
No overriding principles that are applicable in every case. New cases = new solution. |
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Mary Wollstonecraft & Marth Nussbaum
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Feminists
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Peter Singer
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Animal rights
Coined 'speciesist' |
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Speciesist
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Denying an animal its rights
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Jacques Derrida
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Deconstructivism
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Deconstructivism
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Break-down argument = there will be an opposing argument in it.
Contradicting. |
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Foucault
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Post-modernist
"Truth is a thing of this world: it is produced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint" |
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Quine
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"The totality of our so-called knowledge or beliefs, from the most casual matters of geography & history to the profoundest laws of atomic physics... is a man-made fabric which impinges on experience only along the edges"
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Tannsjo
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To be moral agnostic = no systematic way to learn from experience.
Man makes himself by the choice of his morality |
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Agnostic
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Believes the existence of a greater power (God) cannot be proven or disproved, it is unknown.
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