Biology: Immune System, Bacteria, Origin Of Life, Taxonomy

Front 1

Four characteristics of prokaryotes:

Back 1

~no nucleus
~no mitochondria
~no chloroplasts
~1/10 siz of eukaryote

Front 2

pili

Back 2

on many species; short, filamentous proteins that project above the cell wall

Front 3

diplo

Back 3

two

Front 4

strepto

Back 4

long strands

Front 5

staphylo

Back 5

clumps

Front 6

gram stain classification colors

Back 6

red=two layers thick, negative
purple=only one layer of carb/protein in cell wall, positive

Front 7

What are the different movements in which bacteria can be classified?

Back 7

flagella: fast, single direction
cilia: slower
sliding (ameboid) motion
~none

Front 8

How can bacteria be classified by respiration?

Back 8

Aerobic: must have oxygen
Anaerobic: must not have oxygen
Facilitative: can go either way

Front 9

How can bacteria be classified by reproduction?

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~Binary fission: asexual
~Conjugation: bacterial exchange
~Spore formation: for surviving harsh environment
~Transduction: viral transference of DNA
~Transformation

Front 10

virus

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invasive noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein

Front 11

lytic cycle

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1. virus injects DNA into bacteria
2. DNA of virus takes over control of bacterial DNA so that only viral proteins and nucleic acid are made. Enzymes of virus inactivate bacterial enzymes.
3. Self assembly (budding)
4. Bacterial cell bursts open, releasing viruses.

Front 12

lysogenic cycle

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1. virus injects DNA (DNA remains part of bacterial DNA loop)
2.binary fission for numerous generations
3. lytic cycle again

Front 13

disease

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body's response to foreign invasion
~Bacteria compete for nutrients and oxygen against regular cell
~viruses destroy (usually) the cells they infect

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external barriers

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~oil and sweat glands
~mucus containing lysozymes, hair cilia
~stomach acid

Front 15

nonspecific external defense

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combats all types of microbes

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immune response

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If a pathogen is able to get past the body's nonspecific defenses, body reacts with specific defense.

Front 17

inflammation

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~In damaged tissue, capillaries dilate due to histamine release. The dilation causes skin to get red and warm.
~Seepage from blood vessels causes swelling.
~Seepage also carries proteins and phagocytes...pus results...tissue repaired

Front 18

agglutination

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Antibodies bind to the antigen to destroy it.

Front 19

opsonizing

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Bacteria which haveantibodies attached tag them for destruction by phagocytes.

Front 20

passive immunity

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injection of animal cells which have antibodies already manufactured

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cell mediated immunity

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T-cells which attack anything foreign by secretion of enzymes which puncture the pathogen. Killer T-cells are responsible for tissue rejection during transplants.

Front 22

cyclosporin

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a fungal derivative, suppresses cell-mediated response

Front 23

interleukin-2

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turns T-cells into Killer T-cells

Front 24

Oparin

Back 24

Russian biologist offers explanation of how first organism, a single-cell prokaryote, is created.

Front 25

gasses at the beginning of time

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CH4=methane
NH3=ammonia
H20=water vapor
U.V. radiation (broke the bonds, primordial soup the result)

Front 26

micelle

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cell prototype containing organic compounds, evolved into cell with membrane

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Protista

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~cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
~most are unicellular
~auto & heterotrophs

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Fungi

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~cell walls made of chitin
~most are multicellular
~autotrophs and heterotrophs

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Plantae

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~cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
~multicellular
~autotrophs

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Animalia

Back 30

~no cell walls or chloroplasts
~multicellular
~heterotroph